The paper presents the results of a critical analysis of existing technologies for processing lead-zinc ores and industrial products; the relevance of the research lies in the development of methods aimed at additional extraction of zinc and lead in conditions of a rapid decrease in the content of lead and zinc in ores. The paper presents research on the thermodynamic justification of sulfiding roasting, the results of the development of technology for intensifying the process of processing poor, difficult-to-process complex lead-zinc ores and middlings through preliminary thermal activation by sulfiding roasting in a fluidized bed furnace. The mechanism of sulfidation of oxylated lead compounds has been established according to the scheme: PbO → PbO·PbSO4 → PbSO4 → PbS. The results of the physicochemical study of roasting products, as well as the results of magnetic enrichment of cinders, are presented. The results of magnetic separation of cinders after heat treatment of industrial products show that it is possible to separate up to 70% of iron in the form of pyrrhotite into a magnetic product, while the pyrrhotite content in the magnetic product is up to 98.2%. The paper presents a new technological scheme for processing lead-zinc industrial products from enrichment to obtain pyrrhotites with predicted properties.

Escalating environmental concerns and the depletion of non-renewable resources have intensified interest in sustainable and eco-friendly materials. Cellulose-based hydrogels, renowned for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and excellent mechanical properties, have emerged as promising candidates for diverse applications, including biomedicine, agriculture, and water purification. This review focuses on methods for extracting nanocellulose from agricultural wastes and their use in creating cellulose hydrogels. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanical, chemical, thermal, and environmental properties of nanocellulose, as well as its applications in packaging materials, medical devices, biocomposites, and filtration systems. The literature review examines cellulose extraction methods, hydrogel properties, and their industrial applications. The key advantages and disadvantages of these methods are identified, and directions for future research are proposed. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on cellulose-based hydrogels and contributes to the development of more efficient and sustainable production methods for these materials.

This paper presents the microstructure of composite material, which consists of metal inclusions and polyamide matrix, the data of which were obtained by computer modeling. The investigated composite material is one of the main directions in the production of materials for advanced MIM technologies, which allows to refuse expensive injection molding process and use technological processes of layer-by-layer growing of parts. The simulations were carried out in top level programs like DIGIMAT and NASTRAN/PATRAN. The simulation modeling of composites at the micro level made it possible to establish the relationship between the percentage of inclusions and the upper yield strength of the material and the constituent components of the stiffness matrices. All these can be considered as input data for the study of composite material at the macro level. At the macro level, virtual studies of standard specimens printed from polymer yarns were carried out to determine the strength. The simulations were conducted as layer-by-layer staging experiments, here each printed layer was considered as a layer of composite. © 2024 Author(s).

This article presents the results of a study on the distribution of niobium during the chlorination processing of var-ious titanium-containing feedstocks, including titanium slag from JSC «UK TMP», titanium slag from the Norwegian company TiZir Titanium & Iron AS, and their mixtures in different ratios. The titanium slag samples were ground and treated by chlorina-tion using concentrated gaseous chlorine in a molten salt medium composed of alkali metal chlorides (MgCl2, KCl, NaCl), with finely crushed anthracite as a carbon-based reducing agent. The process was conducted at temperatures from 700 to 820°C. The study focused on the distribution behavior of vanadium and niobium during the chlorination of blended titanium slags in propor-tions of 60/40, 50/50, and 30/70 (UK TMP/TiZir), as well as in 100% UK TMP slag. The results indicate that most of the niobi-um accumulates in the dump slag of the titanium chlorinator and in the slurry of the irrigated scrubber. It was also found that an increase in the initial niobium content in the feed leads to its higher concentrations in the sublimate of the dust chamber, in the melt of the salt bath dust-settling chamber, and in the scrubber slurry, while its share in the dump slag decreases.

В статье представлен термодинамический анализ процессов рудотермической плавки и хлорирования титаносодержащего сырья, направленных на получение титанового шлака и тетрахлорида титана. С использованием программного комплекса HSC Chemistry 6 рассчитаны изменения стандартной энергии Гиббса (ΔG°) для ключевых реакций с участием TiO₂, Nb₂O₅ и оксидов примесных элементов (Fe, Si, Al, Mg, Mn, Cr, V). Установлены условия, при которых титан эффективно хлорируется в TiCl₄, а ниобий переходит в летучие формы (NbCl₅) или кислородсодержащие хлориды. Построены диаграммы Tpp и Lpp для систем Fe–Ti–O, Nb–C–O, Ti–O–Al и других, отражающие устойчивость фаз и влияние состава шлака. Показано, что примесные компоненты формируют устойчивые твердофазные соединения, снижающие эффективность хлорирования. Сфор-мулированы рекомендации по температуре, парциальному давлению хлора и составу шлака, обеспечивающие максимальное извлечение титана и попутное извлечение ниобия. Результаты могут быть использованы при оптимизации промышленной технологии получения TiCl₄ и разработке схем комплексной переработки титановых шлаков.

В статье представлены результаты минералогического исследования ильменитового концентрата, полученного из россыпей Сатпаевского ме- сторождения Восточно-Казахстанской области. Работа направлена на изучение распределения редких и редкоземельных элементов – ниобия, циркония, скан- дия, лантана и церия – в структуре концентрата. Применены методы сканирующей электронной микроскопии с энергодисперсионным анализом (SEM-EDS) и фазового моделирования в программной среде HSC Chemistry. Установлено, что элементы находятся как в виде изоморфных замещений в структуре ильменита, так и в форме микровключений в гемоильмените, гематите, псевдорутиле и титаномагнетите. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о высокой перерабатывае- мости сырья и целесообразности его комплексного использования с извлечением стратегически важных компонентов.

This work presents an economic analysis of processing various titanium-containing raw materials-titanium slag and synthetic rutile-through chlorination in a molten salt medium in the presence of carbon. The processing of titanium-containing raw materials is carried out using a chlorination technology in molten alkali metal salts (MgCl₂, NaCl, KCl) with high-concentration gaseous chlorine in the presence of a carbon-containing reducing agent. Anthracite is used as the reducing agent, while waste sludge from magnesium electrolysis is used as the molten medium. The processing takes place in cylindri-cal chlorination furnaces lined with fireclay bricks at temperatures of 720-800°C. The chlorination products are directed to a condensation system. The work provides a description of the Satpayev ilmenite deposit in East Kazakhstan and presents the chemical composition of Satpayev ilmenite concentrate, titanium slag, and synthetic rutile obtained through various processes. A correlation is established between the vanadium, niobium, and tantalum content in ilmenite concentrates and their preva-lence in the Earth's crust. Based on this correlation, the order of transition metals in Group V of the periodic table is deter-mined according to their decreasing concentration in the concentrates. Technological challenges associated with processing titanium-containing raw materials with elevated levels of certain components are described, along with some methods for pro-ducing synthetic rutile. A cost comparison is provided for the production of titanium slag and synthetic rutile. Material balance calculations for the chlorination process of titanium slag and synthetic rutile from different production methods are performed to assess raw material costs and waste disposal expenses. The study concludes that producing synthetic rutile from Satpayev ilmenite concentrate is economically feasible.

The article considers the issues of the construction of high-rise monolithic buildings in Almaty. High-rise construction has received significant development in the territory of the metropolis - more than several dozen buildings more than 20 stories high have been built. Experimental studies of the proper dynamic characteristics of high-rise buildings (periods and forms of natural oscillations, oscillation decrement) and verification of the correctness of the calculation assumptions adopted during their design are relevant. The influence of height on the proper dynamic characteristics of high-rise monolithic buildings constructed in Almaty is analyzed. Data are provided on determining the dynamic characteristics of a 22-storey monolithic building using the building pull-out method with the subsequent abrupt release of the applied load. The results are compared with the data on the proper dynamic characteristics of four high-rise buildings (more than 20 stories high) obtained as a result of vibration tests: - 25- storey Kazakhstan Hotel; - 35-storey building on Al Farabi Street (Nurly-Tau district); - 22-storey building of the Stolichny Tsentr residential complex; -26- storey building of the residential complex "Megatowers". The results of the work can be used in the design of high-rise monolithic buildings.

В настоящей работе представлены результаты исследования по извлечению ниобия из побочных продуктов производства тетрахлорида титана, образующихся при хлорировании титанового сырья. Актуальность темы обусловлена высоким спросом на редкие металлы, ограниченностью их минеральных источников и необходимостью вовлечения техногенных образований в переработку. Объектами исследования выступали отвальный шлам титанового хлоратора, возгоны пылевой камеры и расплав пылеосадительной камеры с солевой ванной. Методами рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа, рентгенофазового анализа и сканирующей электронной микроскопии установлено, что ниобий в указанных продуктах содержится в форме устойчивых оксидов и смешанных фаз с участием титана, алюминия, железа и кальция. Проведены эксперименты по водному и кислотному выщелачиванию с использованием соляной, серной и плавиковой кислот. Установлено, что наибольшее извлечение ниобия (до 53%) достигается при обработке фторсодержащими растворами при температуре 85-95 °C и соотношении твёрдой и жидкой фаз 1:10-1:15. Термодинамический анализ хлорирования ниобийсодержащих соединений и построение диаграмм Пурбе подтвердили высокую устойчивость оксидов ниобия и эффективность их перевода в раствор в форме фторниобатов. Предложенный подход объединяет физико-химические методы анализа с расчётным моделированием и может быть использован при проектировании технологии селективного извлечения ниобия. Полученные результаты способствуют расширению минерально-сырьевой базы редких металлов и снижению экологической нагрузки на предприятия титановой промышленности.

A mixture of fatty carboxylic acids (FCA) was derived from technical vegetable oil-a residue of sunflower oil production. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the mixture primarily consists of nine types of fatty carboxylic acids. Nonionic surfactants (NIS), specifically FCA-PEG esters, were synthesized via esterification of the FCA mixture with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weights 300, 600, and 1000. The reaction yield was 93–94%. The functional composition of the resulting NIS was determined using IR and NMR spectroscopy. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface activity (ability to reduce the surface tension of water), maximum adsorption at the water/air interface, and other parameters of the obtained NIS particles were determined by measuring the surface tension of aqueous solutions. Among the synthesized NIS, FCA-PEG-600 exhibited the highest surface activity (ПСМС = 28.8 mN/m) and maximal adsorption (Гmax =3.0×10-6mol/m2) compared to FCA-PEG-300 and FCA-PEG-1000. This “anomalous” variation in surface activity across the synthesized NIS series can be attributed to the optimal composition (i.e., the optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB) of the FCA-PEG-600 macromolecules. It was found that the obtained FCA-PEG NIS possess flocculating properties. Among them, the macromolecules of FCA-PEG-600 NIS demonstrated the best flocculating ability for bentonite clay suspension particles. Its optimal dosage for flocculation of suspension particles is 0.2 mg/g (200 g/t of dry solids). © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits the use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source is given by providing a link to the Creative Commons license and changes need to be indicated if there are any. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.