Bentonite materials are widely utilized across various industries due to their unique physicochemical properties. This study presents a qualitative and comparative analysis of mineral substances derived from bentonite clay deposits in East Kazakhstan. The montmorillonite content in the samples ranges from 75.5% to 88%, with adsorption capacity (determined by the methylene blue method) varying between 119 and 204 mg/g. The pH of the samples lies within the range of 7 to 10. FTIR and XRF analyses confirmed the presence of major components such as silicon and aluminum oxides, while X-ray diffraction identified montmorillonite as the dominant crystalline phase. Textural characterization revealed specific surface areas of 94–104 m²/g, pore volumes of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g, and pore sizes between 0.8 and 1.04 nm. SEM analysis demonstrated a flaky, layered, and porous morphology typical of bentonite. Based on these properties, the bentonite samples exhibit strong potential for industrial use. They are applicable in oil production (as components of drilling fluids) and construction (as insulating and sealing agents). Additionally, their high sorption capacity makes them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications, particularly as carriers in topical formulations such as ointments and pastes for wound healing and inflammatory skin conditions.

This study examines the biology and industrial importance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and explores methods of enriching beet molasses with nutrients to increase yeast biomass production. It highlights the advantages of using diploid yeast cells, which are more genetically stable, metabolically active, and efficient for large-scale fermentation processes.

The article presents the results of a study of the main characteristics of ash selected from the ash dumps of CHP-3 in Almaty. It is shown that the operation of thermal power plants in Kazakhstan is characterized by a significant amount of accumulated (more than 500 million tons) ash and slag waste. It has been established that the storage and storage of ash and slag causes a very significant impact on the environment in the area of their location. Therefore, it is very important to address the issues of reducing the burden on the environment by developing technologies for the disposal of ash and slag and their use in road construction. The results of a study of the physical and technical characteristics of a binder based on bitumen and ash slag are presented. The study of samples using bitumen and slag binder showed that they meet the requirements of regulatory documents. The research results can be useful in solving the environmental problem of ash and slag waste disposal, which will reduce the volume of ash dumps, as well as free up occupied land for economic needs.

This paper deals with the selection of optimal layout variants of planetary transmissions designed for operation as Light Electric Vehicle main gearboxes. The required transmission ratio was calculated, and the optimal two-carrier gear train with two connecting and three external shafts selected. A computer program was used for structural synthesis and to determine the required basic parameters of the component gear trains. The ring gear reference diameter was used to rank the layout variants according to size, with the smallest variants also ranked according to the calculated efficiency ratio. Finally, an optimal variant of the planetary gear train for light electric vehicle application is proposed. The procedure proposed in this paper may be expanded to other applications. © 2024 Published by Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

Recently, the formulation of multifunctional nanoparticles has significantly reduced various limitations associated with drugs and drug carriers. In this study, a novel multilamellar hybrid nanovesicle system was developed using a combination of a polysaccharide and a lipid. Starch forms the core of hybrid nanoparticles, while stearic acid with polyethylene glycol containing calcium ferrite nanoparticles form the shell. The drug, zidovudine (AZT), was encapsulated within the hybrid nanovesicle system for anticancer drug delivery. The calcium ferrite nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The morphology of the hybrid nanoparticles was analyzed using TEM, which showed a multilamellar morphology with an average size of 179 ± 18.23 nm. The drug loading and release behavior of these nanoparticles were assessed, and they showed high encapsulation efficiency (93%) and a sustainable release of AZT over 48 h. The cytocompatibility of the hybrid nanosystem was analyzed in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and the nanoparticles demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity toward these cell lines. The anticancer activity was tested against human breast cancer cell lines, which showed excellent cytotoxicity toward cancer cell lines. The investigation is promising for designing a multilamellar hybrid nanosystem-based anticancer delivery system.

Сухие строительные смеси являются неотъемлемой частью современного строительства и ремонта. Они обладают уникальными свойствами и предназначены для выполнения самых разных работ. Важно выбрать подходящий тип смеси, чтобы обеспечить долговечность и надежность конструкций. В статье приводятся данные по разработанным составам сухих строительных смесей на основе модифицированного диатомита. Исследования по изучению и получению модифицированного диатомита и его основы в сухих строительных смесях показали, что термообработка диатомита позволяет получать сырье с улучшенными прочностными свойствами при сжатии до 4,28 МПа при температуре 650°C. Введение низковязкого эфира целлюлозы и полимерной добавки в составы на основе модифицированного диатомита позволило увеличить прочность на сжатие до 0,9-0,92 МПа. Результаты определения водоудерживающей способности показали значение 94,2% в присутствии низковязкого эфира целлюлозы и полимерной добавки. Способность удерживать воду также оценивалась с точки зрения пластической прочности. Экспериментальные данные показывают, что водоудерживающий эффект добавок предотвращает активное поглощение влаги из смеси пористой основой и способствует поддержанию низких значений пластической прочности композиций до t =0,0067 МПа.

Efficient use of bioresources is essential in order to achieve sustainable development goals, and plays an important role in the reduction of any environmental impact and the improvement of resource efficiency. To this end, the present study investigates the process of obtaining microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from corn husks (CHs), which are agricultural waste, under “mild” conditions by employing the organosolvent oxidation method using peroxyacetic acid (PAA). The results obtained at an effective hydromodule of CH:PAA 1:18 g/mL, were: MCC yield – 51.60 %, α-cellulose content – 58.73 ± 3 %, residual lignin – 12.92 ± 0.5 %, hemicellulose – 13.8 ± 0.5 %, ash content (SiO2) – 10.73 ± 0.5 %, and moisture content – 3.57 ± 0.5 %. Furthermore, the effective MCC:FA ratio that was used to obtain CNFs from MCCCH using formic acid (FA) was found to be 1/30 g/mL. The CNF yield achieved with this ratio was 68.67 %, and the average particle size was reduced by 177 times in length and 33 times in width, as compared to the initial MCCCH size. The ζ-potential of the resulting MCC was −19.3 mV and the crystallinity index was 80.9 %. The effectiveness of the PAA/FA approach arises from mild oxidation that selectively removes amorphous cellulose, while preserving crystalline regions, thereby maintaining high crystallinity and contributing to favorable material yields. The physicochemical properties of the resulting high-quality cellulose micro- and nanofibers were compared, and found to have been obtained at good efficiency. The MCC and CNFs obtained have excellent potential for use in the medical field as essential components, and in the development of bioplastics and biocomposites, among other applications.

This study investigates the drift-diffusion behavior in tin-based perovskite solar cells, specifically focusing on CH_3NH_3SnI_3, with the aim of understanding how ion mobility, hysteresis, recombination mechanisms, and material parameters influence device performance. Tin-based perovskites represent a promising alternative to lead-based compounds due to their reduced toxicity and comparable optoelectronic properties, yet they pose challenges related to stability and efficiency. A numerical model was developed by solving the coupled Poisson and continuity equations, incorporating both electronic and ionic transport phenomena. The simulation framework allows for variation in ion mobility, defect density, recombination rates, and built-in potential, enabling a comprehensive analysis of dynamic and steady-state responses. The results reveal a significant dependence of hysteresis behavior on ion migration and recombination at interfaces, as well as a notable impact of ionic mobility on current-voltage characteristics and power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the model shows that optimization of material parameters can mitigate hysteresis and enhance device stability and output. These findings provide valuable insights into the physical mechanisms limiting the performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells and suggest strategies for their improvement through targeted material and device engineering. © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits the use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source is given by providing a link to the Creative Commons license and changes need to be indicated if there are any. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/.

The study investigated antibiotic contamination in lakes of the Akmola region using a modified disk diffusion method. Results showed that microorganisms in control lakes remained sensitive to some antibiotics, while high resistance (90–100%) was observed for several commonly used antibiotics, indicating the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and potential environmental contamination.

The characterization and biomedical modification of bentonite clays from the Kalzhat deposit (Kzh), which is situated in Kazakhstan’s Zhetysu region, are the main objectives of this work. In order to improve the raw material’s structural qualities, the montmorillonite fraction was enriched, and coarse impurities were eliminated using the Salo method. The presence of meso- and micropores that guarantee high dispersity and specific surface area, as well as the prevalence of montmorillonite and kaolinite, was all confirmed by physicochemical analysis. Particle size measurements indicated finely dispersed structures with a propensity to aggregate, whereas thermal analysis demonstrated resilience under heating. After effective functionalization with silver nanoparticles, a porous hybrid system with improved surface reactivity was produced. These enhancements demonstrate the modified bentonite’s usefulness as a multifunctional carrier for the immobilization and controlled release of pharmaceuticals, with potential uses in drug delivery systems, antimicrobial coatings, and wound-healing materials. The material has potential use in sorption and environmental protection technologies in addition to its biomedical application. Overall, Kzh’s structural and functional performance is greatly improved by the combination of purification and functionalization with silver nanoparticles, highlighting its promise as a useful element in the development of next-generation polymer–composite systems.