The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in electric power information systems has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity challenges. This study develops and evaluates a comprehensive cybersecurity framework tailored for IoT-integrated power grids, addressing the unique vulnerabilities and complexities of these critical systems. A multi-layered security approach was designed, incorporating device authentication, encrypted communication, and machine learning-based anomaly detection. The framework underwent extensive testing across six distinct attack types (unauthorized access, man-in-the-middle, DDoS, malicious command injection, firmware tampering, and data exfiltration), with over 10,000 simulated attack scenarios conducted in a testbed environment mimicking a regional power grid with up to 10,000 IoT devices. The framework demonstrated high effectiveness, with average threat detection rates of 97.9% and prevention rates of 97.1% across all attack vectors. Performance testing revealed sub-linear CPU utilization growth as IoT devices scaled from 100 to 10,000, with only a 2.3% increase in network latency at the 1,000-device scale. The system maintained 98.7-99.8% availability during attacks and achieved 94-98% compliance with key industry standards. These findings demonstrate the framework's robust capabilities in securing IoT-integrated power systems while highlighting areas for future research in extreme scalability scenarios and real-world implementation challenges.

This research demonstrates the possibility and expediency of forming local electric energy systems (LEESs) based on renewable sources of energy (RSE) as balancing groups in the electric power system (EPS), which can maintain efficiency and provide power supply to consumers in an autonomous mode. The LEES is a part of the EPS of thermal and nuclear power plants and is considered as a separate balancing group. LEESs are designed in such a way that they can operate autonomously in both normal and extreme conditions in the EPS. The sources of electricity in LEESs are small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs), andwind power plants (WPPs),whose electricity generation is unstable due to dependence on natural conditions. Therefore, the structure of a LEESwith RSE includes an energy storage system with reserves sufficient to compensate for the unstable generation and balancing of the mode. LEESs can differ significantly in terms of key technical and economic indicators (power supply reliability, power losses, and power quality), and therefore, it is necessary to choose the optimal one. It is not advisable to optimize the quality of power supply in a LEES by individual indicators, as improvement of one indicator may lead to deterioration of another. The functional readiness of a LEES should be assessed by the quality of operation, which depends on reliability, power losses, and power quality. To simplify the task of assessing the quality of operation, which is a vector optimization problem, a method for determining the integral indicator as a number that characterizes the LEES and reflects the compromise between the values of reliability, power losses, and power quality has been developed. The integral indicator of the functioning of complex systems is based on a combination of the theory of Markov processes and the criterion method of similarity theory. The value of the integral indicator of the quality of operation of the LEES allows for comparing different variants of power transmission and distribution systems without determining individual components of technical and economic indicators—reliability, power losses, and power quality. The offered integral indicator of the quality of functioning of a LEES with RSE corresponds to the general requirements for such indicators. It reflects the actual operating conditions; allows for assessing the efficiency, quality, and optimality of power supply systems; and can be easily decomposed into partial indicators.

In this article, a monitoring system based on IoT technologies of the substation electrical system in the Republic of Kazakhstan was developed. At the moment, the operation of power systems is extremely important to maintain the frequency of electric current over time. For management and monitoring applications, it is necessary to take into account communication within acceptable limits. IoT technologies are considered the main functions in applications for monitoring and managing energy systems in real time, as well as making effective decisions on both technical and financial issues of the system, for monitoring the main form of data registration on an electric power substation in the city of Shymkent of the Republic of Kazakhstan, for consistent effective decision-making by system operators. In this work, an Internet of Things-based monitoring system was implemented and implemented for the substation of the power system using a specialized device built into the FPGA controller for fast integrated digitalization of transformer substations of real-time distribution electrical networks. The IoT platform also provides complete remote observability and will increase reliability for power system operators in real time. This article is mainly aimed at providing a practical application that has been implemented and tested.

В статье представлены результаты оценки технического состояния центробежных насосных агрегатов на основе анализа вибрационных параметров подшипниковых узлов. Такой подход рассматривается как ключевой элемент обеспечения надежной, безопасной и устойчивой работы технологического оборудования на горнодобывающих предприятиях, расположенных в отдаленных и горных районах, где ограниченная доступность и суровые условия эксплуатации значительно увеличивают последствия отказов оборудования для промышленной безопасности и окружающей среды. Цель исследования. Целью данного исследования является выявление и обоснование основных диагностических признаков для оценки и прогнозирования технического состояния центробежных насосных агрегатов с использованием вибрационных параметров. Внедрение этих признаков позволяет перейти от традиционного планового технического обслуживания к техническому обслуживанию по состоянию, что особенно актуально для повышения ресурсоэффективности и эксплуатационной устойчивости промышленной инфраструктуры в горнодобывающих районах. Методы и материалы. Исследование основано на данных вибрационной диагностики, полученных от десяти центробежных насосных агрегатов SULZER, эксплуатируемых на урановом горнодобывающем предприятии. Измерения проводились с использованием вибрационного анализатора BALTECH VP-3470 с программным обеспечением BALTECH Expert. Анализ включал автоспектральный анализ и анализ огибающей спектра вибрационных сигналов в частотных диапазонах, регулируемых стандартами ISO 10816, что обеспечивает сопоставимость и надежность результатов диагностики. Результаты и обсуждение. Результаты спектрального анализа показывают, что параметры вибрации исследуемых насосных агрегатов остаются в допустимых пределах, что соответствует удовлетворительному техническому состоянию оборудования. В то же время наличие отдельных гармонических составляющих в вибрационных спектрах указывает на ранние стадии дефектов в подшипниковых узлах, подчеркивая необходимость систематического мониторинга. Полученные данные позволили выявить информативные диагностические показатели на основе вибрации, отражающие процессы деградации и их начальные стадии развития. Выводы. Проведенное исследование подтверждает эффективность вибрационной диагностики как инструмента повышения надежности и эксплуатационной устойчивости насосного оборудования. Применение унифицированных диагностических критериев на основе параметров вибрации позволяет раннее выявление дефектов, снижает риск аварийных отказов и способствует созданию более безопасных и устойчивых промышленных систем в горнодобывающих регионах. Резюме. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при разработке и внедрении систем мониторинга насосного оборудования на горнодобывающих предприятиях. Их практическое применение способствует повышению эксплуатационной надежности, снижению затрат на техническое обслуживание и поддерживает принципы устойчивого развития промышленной инфраструктуры в горных районах. © Л.Б. Сагатова, С.А. Бортебаев, А.С. Ажаев, М.Ф. Керимжанова, 2025.

One of the most critical aspects in the development of crank presses is their multi-link linkages and driving systems. This study presents the kinematic modeling and analysis of a hybrid seven-bar linkage mechanism. The mechanism’s kinematics are investigated using analytical methods that involve mathematical expressions describing a position function and its time derivatives with respect to a generalized coordinate. These expressions illustrate the law of motion transformation within the mechanism. This mechanism offers flexible motion by utilizing a servo motor with lower power capacity. The linkage’s flexibility is achieved through the incorporation of a coulisse mechanism, which provides programmable motion output. The hybrid mechanism is driven by both a constant-speed motor and a servo motor.

Styrene adsorption has always been a research focus in the field of the gas environment due to its widespread usage. Removal of styrene using activated carbon has been verified because of the physicochemical properties of SMACs prepared by activating Silybum marianum L. waste powder. Hence, a series of novel SMACs were synthesized from NaOH, KOH, and H3PO4 ratio of 1:1–5 w/w and pyrolyzing at 450–950 °C and then washed activated carbon with HCl and NaOH. SMAC82, SMAC137, and the optimal AC (SMAC249) had the largest styrene adsorption capacity, 229, 170, and 136 mg/g for 700 ppm of styrene. Styrene is a typical model for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere, and the findings demonstrated that it is rapidly absorbed into SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 through strong physical sorption. The calculated adsorption amounts showed that the styrene capture processes were feasible for adsorption within a suitable contact time and with excellent equilibrium adsorption capacities. Also, the results showed that the highest removal efficiency at 25 °C by the adsorption of SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 was 92%, 88%, and 86%, respectively. The efficiency results of SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 show that the styrene breakthrough at 25 °C compared to that of 35 and 45 °C increases approximately two times. Overall, this SMAC82 presented an excellent separation performance for styrene removal and can be a potential option for industrial applications of other VOCs in gas-phase, indicating good adsorption ability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.

The technology of forming a thermite alloy layer on the basis of Fe-Cr-C system on a metal basis by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is offered, which allows to obtain cast functionallayers withphysico-mechanical and exploitativeproperties. The optimal technological parameters of the forming a wear-resistant layer of thermite alloy process are determined: the amount of metal filler with the maximum yield of suitable alloy, the heating temperature of the thermite charge and the mold to obtain additional heat, the temperature ranges of the melt to melt the metal base with further formation of the functional layer. Metallographic studies of the obtained wear-resistant layer of thermite allo[y showed that the zone of formation of the functional layer is characterized by the stability of the macrostructure and the positive effect of non-metallic inclusions in the form of Al2O3, which influences the formation of chromium carbides in the obtained alloy by creating the effect of inoculative modification of thermite alloy. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

The quest for cost-effective methods to process gold-bearing ores is inextricably linked to a series of preliminary studies, including ore composition analysis, evaluation of the occurrence forms of valuable components, and assessment of the impact of impurity elements and ore physical characteristics on gold recovery. Flotation remains a cornerstone technology in the gold mining industry, essential for the beneficiation of gold-bearing ores. Central to this process is the selection of flotation reagents, which enable effective separation of gold from gangue and associated minerals. This study focuses on the flotation of previously unexamined low-sulfide gold-bearing ore from the Aktobe deposit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Mineralogical and X-ray phase analyses identified quartz, potassium feldspar, calcite, mica, limonite, and sulfides as the principal minerals in the ore. Phase analysis further revealed that 46.47 % of the gold occurs as free cyanidable gold in open intergrowths, while 37.61 % is locked within sulfides, and 15.92% is finely disseminated in waste rock. To optimize the flotation process, the influence of critical parameters such as grinding size, reagent dosages, flotation time, and flotation machine type on gold recovery was systematically investigated. Closed-circuit tests with one and two cleaner flotation stages were performed using the optimized reagent regime. The results have demonstrated that a single cleaner flotation stage achieved a 1.14 % higher gold recovery, reaching 89.84 %. The concentrate obtained after the cleaner flotation contained 23.01 g/t of gold, making it suitable for subsequent hydrometallurgical processing. © 2024, Ore and Metals Publishing house. All rights reserved.

The article theoretically justified and experimentally confirmed the possibility of implementing the process of the electric melting of Satbayevskiy ilmenite concentrates with new fluxing additives based on oxides and nitrides of aluminium, calcium, and boron. They also include boron carbonitride CNV that will expand the raw material base of Kazakhstan titanium production by involving local substandard material in the process, as well as the technical and economic performance of electric melting. In order to conduct experiments in the area of extremum, the ilmenite concentrate from the Satbayev deposit was taken. Furthermore, the optimum conditions of the electric melting of Satbayevski ilmenite concentrates (such as the process temperature of 1550–1600 °C, the reducing agent consumption of 8–10% of the concentrate mass, and the duration of 90 min), using new fluxing additives, were selected. As a result of the experiment (performed at a temperature of 1600 °C), it has been found that the introduction of 3 to 6% of fluxes in the charge of electric melting promotes the reduction of iron oxides from 45 to 80% and achievement of the extraction of titanium oxide in slag of up to 83.5–90.1%. The addition of 6% boron oxide and carbonitride in the charge of electric melting reduces the melting temperature of the charge to ~1400–1450 °C and the melting time to 90 min. It also creates conditions for a quieter electric melting mode.

This work presents the results of thermodynamic and technological studies of the reducing electric smelting of low-quality and difficult-to-recover Satpaevsk ilmenite concentrates in the presence of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a flux. In the course of thermodynamic studies, according to literature data and using the HSC Chemistry 8 program, the state diagrams of the FeO-TiO2, FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2, Na2O-TiO2, Na2O-SiO2, Ti-C-O and Fe-C-O systems and the possibility of reactions in the temperature range of 500–1600 °C (without smelting of titanium, 1678 °C), taking into account phase transitions, were studied. The article also presents the results of technological studies of the above process. In general, the research results showed the possibility of using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a flux in the charge of the electric smelting of low-quality Satpaevsk ilmenite concentrates. It has been established that the addition of 4.5–5% of Na2CO3 allows for reducing the temperature and the duration of electric smelting, the viscosity of the melt, and the complete separation of the smelting products (cast iron from slag).