Mobile communications are the modern drivers of the rapid development of information communication technologies. This development is provided by the expansion of the range of user services and an increase in the volume of transmitted traffic. Mobile radioaccess technologies, services, standards with different types of radio interfaces are used worldwide nowadays. The article discusses the important features of the functioning of such interfaces, presents data on functional characteristics. This research also shows the main directions of development of radio interfaces intended for use in mobile communication systems.

The sustainable operation of hydroponic systems depends on maintaining the chemical stability of circulating nutrient solutions and preventing the accumulation of toxic compounds. The accumulation of phytotoxic ammonium, heavy metals, and organic metabolites in recirculating nutrient solutions remains one of the key challenges limiting the efficiency, sustainability, and scalability of hydroponic cultivation. This review provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of zeolites, activated carbons (ACs), and their functionalized and composite forms as key sorbents for nutrient management, contaminant removal, and environmental safety in hydroponic cultivation. Natural zeolites, with their well-defined crystalline structure and high ion-exchange selectivity toward ammonium and heavy metal cations, enable effective NH4+/K+ balance regulation and phytotoxicity mitigation. ACs, characterized by high specific surface area and tunable surface chemistry, complement zeolites by offering extensive adsorption capacity for organic compounds, root exudates, and pesticide residues, thereby extending the operational lifespan of nutrient solutions and improving overall system performance. Further advancements include the integration of zeolites and ACs with two-dimensional (graphene, g-C3N4) and three-dimensional (MOF, COF) frameworks, yielding multifunctional materials that combine adsorption, ion exchange, photocatalysis, and nutrient regulation. Transition-metal modification, particularly with Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Co, introduces redox-active centers that enhance sorption, catalysis, and phosphate stabilization. The comparative synthesis reveals that the combined application of zeolite- and carbon-based composites offers a synergistic strategy for developing adaptive and low-waste hydroponic systems. From a techno-economic and environmental standpoint, the judicious application of these materials paves the way for more resilient, efficient, and circular hydroponic systems, reducing fertilizer and water consumption, lowering contaminant discharge, and enhancing food security. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Relevant studies were identified through Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Presented universal recommendations for the reduction of crud formation, reviewing various aspects affecting the loss of diluent and extractant due to the formation of a third phase (crud), encountered in many hydrometallurgical plants using copper solvent extraction. In this paper introduce the reasons of the crud formation, description of the stable emulsions containing solid particles and choice of technological scheme. An analysis of operations to be considered in the operation of copper solvent extraction plants is presented, due to the deterioration of copper grade below 0.5% in ore and the increase in aluminum content up to 20–25%. Results of use of extraction properties of modified extractants of ACCORGA series and unmodified extractant Lix984N on pregnant leached solution of the most important deposits (Almaly and Aktogay) are given. It is established that for solutions of Almaly deposit, ACCORGA5640 and unmodified Lix984 extractants have high selectivity to copper. Distribution of iron, silica, and copper ions during extraction was studied, and it was found that high selectivity to copper/iron and copper/silica is possessed by extractant Lix 984N, ACCORGA5640. It was found that for solutions of the Aktogay deposit, the ratio of interphase suspension in both extractants is the same, and phase separation in experiments with the use of extractant Lix 984N was 10 s shorter with the use of extractant ACCORGA5640. It was found that the addition of ACCORGACR60 reagent in the amount of 5-10 ppm also leads to a decrease in the volume of crud by 13%, for a stronger suppression of crud.

This paper investigates the interaction between rolling stock and railway track during the emergency braking of a passenger train. A detailed simulation model of a train consisting of a locomotive and twenty passenger cars was developed in the Universal Mechanism software environment. The model accounts for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical vibrations, as well as nonlinear elastic couplings and random track irregularities. Simulation results show that the estimated braking distance is 583 m, which complies with current regulatory standards. The analysis of coupler forces revealed that braking is generally shockless due to buffer devices, except at the locomotive-first car connection. Derailment is possible only under severe track irregularity conditions, while displacement of the rail-sleeper lattice caused by increased transverse forces does not result in derailment. The findings contribute to improving railway safety assessment and support the development of intelligent monitoring and warning systems for modern "smart train" applications. © The Author(s) 2026. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

The asbestos wastes were exploited for extraction of magnesium by agitation leaching process in atmospheric conditions, using hydrochloric acid as the leaching agent. The study was focused on investigating the kinetics of magnesium leaching. The effects of some variables, including stirring speed (150−300 r/min), leaching temperature (25−90 °C), leaching duration (10–60 min), the concentration of hydrochloric acid (150–300 g/L) and the solid - liquid ratio (1:2–1:5), on the leaching rate were carefully evaluated. It was found that increasing the stirring speed, leaching temperature, and concentration of hydrochloric acid can significantly increase the rate at which magnesium is leached. A comprehensive kinetic scrutinization was performed by fitting the experimental data with exponential kinetic equation, Yander diffusion equation, Drozdov-Rotinyan equation, and Prout-Tompkins equation. Amongst all these tested kinetic equations, the diffusion-controlled process showed a higher goodness-of-fit with experimental data. Thermodynamic aspects were also appraised carefully. The apparent activation energy for the process was calculated to be 19.8 kJ/mol, indicating a relatively low-level energy needed to initiate the process efficiently. Overall, the current study provided insight into how changing certain parameters can affect the overall performance when attempting to extract magnesium from the asbestos wastes by leaching process.

This review presents a modern comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of carbon materials for the sorption of gases. The main classes of carbon sorbents are considered as follows: nanotubes, activated carbon, graphene, fullerene, composite materials, and organic vapors. Modern methods of modification of carbon materials are systematized. Particular attention is paid to the effect of particle size, morphology, and porous structure on the kinetics and equilibrium characteristics of adsorption. The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the adsorption of the gases (CO2, SO2, NOx, H2S, NH3, and CO) are analyzed. A comparative economic analysis of carbon materials is carried out, taking into account the cost of production and estimated costs of modification. Modern areas of application of carbon sorbents are analyzed as follows: industrial gas purification, automotive filters, air conditioning systems, personal protective equipment, and gas sensors. Particular attention is paid to the study of the prospects and future of materials. Prospective development directions are considered, including the creation of hierarchically porous structures, the development of self-healing materials, and integration with artificial intelligence to optimize adsorption processes. The cost of graphene and nanotube production is predicted to decrease by 50–70% by 2030, which will lead to an expansion of their commercial application.

Creation of rational gearing parameters requires special knowledge in the field of technology and design approaches [1]. Direct Gear Design is used to create gearings that are superior to those developed in accordance with technological standards. Increased load capacity, reduced noise, and lower vibration levels are achieved by the rational tooth shape and high overlapping ratios [2–6]. The design approach is applied in the aviation industry, governed by the industry standards and design techniques [7, 8]. In the automotive industry, the possibilities of this approach are not fully implemented. In machine tool building, shipbuilding, general industrial and civil engineering, the technological approach is preserved as motivated by additional costs of special tools, and there is the lack of guidelines for design and specialists. These problems can be solved by applying a comprehensive approach, i. e. the total impact of both technological and constructive methods, which is achieved by rational parameters of gear teeth.

In recent years, there has been an increased demand for nickel-cobalt-containing batteries, which in turn adds a lot of interest in the production of these metals in large volumes. Due to a contraction of the volume of nickel sulfide ores, the majority of producers consider laterite deposits as a potential source of nickel and cobalt. However, processing laterites by traditional pyrometallurgical methods is economically unprofitable. Research has shown that the use of combined and hydrometallurgical methods can be promising. This article is devoted to a review of the results of research and articles on the extraction of nickel and cobalt from laterite ores over the past 20 years. Current technological schemes for the production of nickel and cobalt using combined manufacturing processes are presented, as well as the results of scientific research on increasing the recovery degree of nickel and cobalt from low-grade refractory laterite ores using preliminary activating roasting, various leaching reagents, oxidizing agents, bacteria, etc. Growing interest in nickel production has also been observed in Kazakhstan and research work on the extraction of target metals from local laterite ores is being intensively carried out. According to the investors’ forecast, the first mining in the republic and full commissioning of nickel production are expected in 2025. © 2024, Ore and Metals Publishing house. All rights reserved.

Полезная модель предназначена для измельчения сыпучего зернового материала и может быть использована в сельском хозяйстве, а именно в кормопроизводстве. С целью увеличения пропускной способности устройства дробления зерна и унификации, его использование может быть организовано по трём схемам настройки: • измельчение сыпучих зерновых кормов; • дробление грубых кормов (кукуруза, сено, солома); • измельчение сочных кормов (трава, силос, кормокорнеплоды). Технический результат заключается в создании условий для улучшения работы универсального измельчителя устройства, который обеспечивает ударное воздействие на зерновые частицы и далее с помощью дробильного решета выгрузку из рабочей камеры готового продукта - комбикормов, производимого по трём схемам настройки установки, обеспечивающей эффективную одновременную переработку зерновой культуры в крупу, и их смешение с приготовленными в рабочей камере грубыми и сочными комбикормами. Устройство для дробления зерна содержит корпус, загрузочное и выходное отверстия, рабочие органы дробления. В корпусе установлен подвижный барабан. внутри которого размещены приводной вал с кулачками на его поверхности. толкатели и ударники, причём отверстие на поверхности барабана выполняется диаметром равным внешнему диаметру болта пары «болт-гайка», которая закрепляется жёстко с помощью гайки и болта к внутренней поверхности барабана. затем, гильза с толкателем внутри привинчивается в проточке болта е соответствующей резьбой, причем внутри гильзы устанавливается пружина сжатия и поршень, имеющий отверстие для установки толкателя, благодаря шплинту, контактаруемого с кулачком на приводном валу через нажимную пяту, а с друіой стороны толкателя имеется - полусферический ударник для взаимодействия е внутренней поверхностью корпуса и зерном, и при таком действии кулачка на толкатель происходит ударное воздействие на зерно, которое в конечном счёте превращается в крупу. Устройство содержат в своём составе интерфейсный модуль датчиков, предназначенный для сбора информации с различных узлов и элементов устройства при их функционировании, обеспечивающем необходимую консистенцию и состав получаемого комбикорма из дробленного зернового материала и измельчённых грубых кормов, типа кукурузы, силоса, соломы и различных корнеклубнеплодов, сочных трав, причем при передаче информации с группы таких объектов, управляемых через диспетчерский центр, оснащённого компьютером, с помощью пользовательского интерфейса, блоков преобразования аналоговой информации с датчиков влажности и температуры воздуха, датчиков уровня в бункере грубых кормов, рабочих характеристик привода с электродвигателей и тензодатчиков, обеспечивается диагностика используемого для автоматизации процессов в информационно-измерительной системе оборудования устройства для измельчения и приготовления комбикормов животным.

«Қазақмыс» корпорациясының жерасты кеніштерінде соңғы жылдары айтарлықтай тоқтап қалулар жиі байқалады. Бұл кеніштерде әртүрлі пневматикалық доңғалақ жетектері бар жоғары өнімді өздігінен жүретін жабдықтардың көптеген түрлері пайдаланылады. Тәжірибе көрсеткендей, жерасты өздігінен жүретін қондырғыларды жөндеудің ескірген әдістері мен құралдарын пайдалану қазіргі өндірістік талаптарға толық сәйкес келмейді және тиімсіз болып отыр. Мұндай бақылау жүйесінің болмауы жабдықтардың күтпеген жерден істен шығуына, өндірістік процестің баяулауына және жөндеу шығындарының артуына әкеледі. Істен шығудың алдын алу үшін белгілі бір жұмыс уақыты өткеннен кейін диагностикалық мәліметтер негізінде әрбір қондырғының болжамды және қалған қызмет ету мерзімін анықтау қажет. Бұл тәсіл техникалық қызмет көрсетуді алдын ала жоспарлауға, апаттық жағдайлардың алдын алуға және жабдықтардың жалпы пайдалану тиімділігін арттыруға мүмкіндік береді. Осы мақалада «Қазақмыс» корпорациясының кеніштерінде қолданылатын машиналар бөлшектерінің қалған қызмет ету мерзімін болжауға бағытталған жүргізілген зерттеулердің негізгі нәтижелері қарастырылып, алынған деректердің өндірістік тәжірибеде қолдану мүмкіндіктері талданады.