В настоящей работе представлены результаты исследования по извлечению ниобия из побочных продуктов производства тетрахлорида титана, образующихся при хлорировании титанового сырья. Актуальность темы обусловлена высоким спросом на редкие металлы, ограниченностью их минеральных источников и необходимостью вовлечения техногенных образований в переработку. Объектами исследования выступали отвальный шлам титанового хлоратора, возгоны пылевой камеры и расплав пылеосадительной камеры с солевой ванной. Методами рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа, рентгенофазового анализа и сканирующей электронной микроскопии установлено, что ниобий в указанных продуктах содержится в форме устойчивых оксидов и смешанных фаз с участием титана, алюминия, железа и кальция. Проведены эксперименты по водному и кислотному выщелачиванию с использованием соляной, серной и плавиковой кислот. Установлено, что наибольшее извлечение ниобия (до 53%) достигается при обработке фторсодержащими растворами при температуре 85-95 °C и соотношении твёрдой и жидкой фаз 1:10-1:15. Термодинамический анализ хлорирования ниобийсодержащих соединений и построение диаграмм Пурбе подтвердили высокую устойчивость оксидов ниобия и эффективность их перевода в раствор в форме фторниобатов. Предложенный подход объединяет физико-химические методы анализа с расчётным моделированием и может быть использован при проектировании технологии селективного извлечения ниобия. Полученные результаты способствуют расширению минерально-сырьевой базы редких металлов и снижению экологической нагрузки на предприятия титановой промышленности.

A mixture of fatty carboxylic acids (FCA) was derived from technical vegetable oil-a residue of sunflower oil production. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the mixture primarily consists of nine types of fatty carboxylic acids. Nonionic surfactants (NIS), specifically FCA-PEG esters, were synthesized via esterification of the FCA mixture with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weights 300, 600, and 1000. The reaction yield was 93–94%. The functional composition of the resulting NIS was determined using IR and NMR spectroscopy. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface activity (ability to reduce the surface tension of water), maximum adsorption at the water/air interface, and other parameters of the obtained NIS particles were determined by measuring the surface tension of aqueous solutions. Among the synthesized NIS, FCA-PEG-600 exhibited the highest surface activity (ПСМС = 28.8 mN/m) and maximal adsorption (Гmax =3.0×10-6mol/m2) compared to FCA-PEG-300 and FCA-PEG-1000. This “anomalous” variation in surface activity across the synthesized NIS series can be attributed to the optimal composition (i.e., the optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB) of the FCA-PEG-600 macromolecules. It was found that the obtained FCA-PEG NIS possess flocculating properties. Among them, the macromolecules of FCA-PEG-600 NIS demonstrated the best flocculating ability for bentonite clay suspension particles. Its optimal dosage for flocculation of suspension particles is 0.2 mg/g (200 g/t of dry solids). © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits the use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source is given by providing a link to the Creative Commons license and changes need to be indicated if there are any. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

This study focuses on the design and optimization of the geometric parameters of gears in electric vehicle (EV) transmissions to enhance performance, efficiency, and noise reduction. The optimization process was conducted using KISSsoft, considering constraints such as input speed and torque, transmission system volume, and gear ratios for each driving mode. A novel aspect of this research is the integration of transmission efficiency analysis with a variable efficiency coefficient into the optimization workflow, which has been demonstrated to significantly influence the optimal design of multi-speed EV transmissions. Throughout the optimization, key factors such as tooth bending stress, contact stress, contact ratio, and specific sliding were analyzed. Additionally, the impact of module variations on gear profile geometry, overlap ratio, tooth count, and gear pair mass was investigated. Strength calculations for the optimized gear pairs, determined for all geometric parameters using KISSsoft, were performed in accordance with the mathematical model outlined in ISO 6336, and the results were subsequently compared. The findings emphasize the critical role of profile modifications and precise gear design in optimizing gear performance, ultimately contributing to improved efficiency, reliability, and service life.

This article analyses the modern welding equipment used in industrial enterprises, including methods of defect-free processing, as well as the methods of improving the quality of welded joints in the process of their use. Depending on the materials or characteristics of the products, different welding methods have been researched. MiG-MAG method of welding is reviewed. Defects arising during welding of metal surfaces were investigated. The basis of the research method is the use of modern welding equipment in production. Using KEMPPI, KOWELD welding equipment, a capacity of h3146,000 was prepared. The capacity used in the oil and gas industry is calculated on the mechanical strength, using new welding equipment, constructive improvement of the quality of welding classes of equipment used in oil and gas production is provided. The design of the h3146.000 capacity has been improved due to the use of welding activities. Improved design of the h3146.000 capacity base used in the oil and gas industry, calculate parameters for mechanical strength and welding using the Autodesk Inventor program.

Область применения - полезная модель относится к области регулирования режимов работы насосных установок. Задача: повышение коэффициента полезного действия одного из параллельно подключенных центробежных насосов в режиме «один насос в сеть» и уменьшение избыточного напора, а также капитальных затрат на регулирование режима работы насосной станции. Сущность: Система регулирования режимов работы насосной станции содержит водозаборное сооружение, насосы, параллельно установленные и соединенные с общим водоводом через внутристанционные напорные трубопроводы, снабженные запорными устройствами с электродвигателями, к магнитным пускателям которых последовательно подключены усилительно- преобразовательное устройство, триггер, блок сравнения. Блок сравнения имеют два входа - к одному соединяется блок задания параметров напора или расхода воды, к другому усилительно- преобразовательное устройство, соединенный с датчиком напора или расхода воды, установленным во внутристанционном напорном трубопроводе.

This paper explores modern approaches to introducing robotic automation in the production of power distribution transformers within the Industry 4.0 framework. It identifies the key manufacturing stages where industrial robots provide the greatest efficiency, including electrical steel cutting, coil winding, magnetic core assembly, insulation application, tank welding, and quality control. Particular attention is given to integrating robotic systems with digital manufacturing management platforms, as well as using sensors, machine vision, and real-time monitoring technologies. The findings show that robotic automation significantly improves precision and operational consistency, reduces production cycle time by approximately 30–40%, lowers defect rates from 5–7% to 2–3%, and decreases overall manufacturing costs by 15–20%. Additional benefits include improved energy efficiency, enhanced workplace safety, reduced occupational injuries, optimized resource use, and minimized human error. The study concludes that implementing robotics in transformer manufacturing establishes a foundation for smart factories and fully automated intelligent production systems driven by digitalization, big data, artificial intelligence, and predictive maintenance.

Полезная модель относится к оборудованию для измельчения материалов, в частности к барабанным мельницам, и может быть использована для поворота барабана при пуске, обслуживании и ремонтных операциях. Технический результат заключается в повышении надежности работы механизма за счёт применения клинового привода подъема зубчатой рейки, управляемого пневмоцилиндром, что обеспечивает точный ввод и вывод зубьев рейки из зацепления с зубчатым венцом. Реализация данного решения позволяет существенно снизить нагрузку на главный привод мельницы при запуске и осуществлять пошаговый поворот барабана при проведении перефутеровок. Конструкция пригодна к серийному производству и применению в существующих технологических условиях.

Мақалада титан қожын және титан тетрахлоридін алу мақсатында титан құрамды шикізатты рудотермиялық балқыту және хлорлау үдерістері термодинамикалық тұрғыдан талданады. HSC Chemistry 6 бағдарламалық кешені көмегімен TiO₂, Nb₂O₅ және қоспа элементтерінің (Fe, Si, Al, Mg, Mn, Cr, V) оксидтерімен жүретін негізгі реакциялар үшін Гиббс энергиясының стандартты өзгерістері (ΔG°) есептелді. Титанның TiCl₄ түрінде тиімді хлорлану шарттары және ниобийдің ұшпа қосылыстарға (NbCl₅) немесе оттекті хлоридтерге өту мүмкіндігі анықталды. Fe–Ti–O, Nb–C–O, Ti–O–Al және басқа жүйелер үшін Tpp және Lpp диаграммалары құрастырылып, фазалық тұрақтылық пен қож құрамының әсері зерттелді. Зерттеу көрсеткендей, қоспа элементтері тұрақты қатты фазалық қосылыстар түзеді, бұл хлорлау тиімділігін төмендетеді. Температура, хлордың парциалдық қысымы және қож құрамына қатысты ұсыныстар жасалды, олар титанды және ниобийді барынша тиімді алу мүмкіндігін қамтамасыз етеді. Алынған нәтижелер TiCl₄ өндірісінің өнеркәсіптік технологиясын оңтайлан-дыруға және титан қождарын кешенді өңдеудің тиімді схемаларын әзірлеуге кеңінен қолданылуы мүмкін.

This article considers modern methods of increasing wear resistance and reliability of machine parts using composite materials, especially in the field of powder surfacing and synthesis of metal-matric composites. One of the effective methods is self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), which allows obtaining composite coatings with improved mechanical and thermal properties. Powder surfacing methods, such as electron beam surfacing (EBF), provide wear-resistant, heat-resistant and hardening coatings on a titanium base. Powders of titanium and its alloys are obtained by reduction of oxides with calcium hydride, which contributes to the formation of materials with high strength and good flowability. Special attention is paid to titanium boride as a strengthening phase for composites. The use of these technologies contributes to a significant increase in the durability and reliability of machines and mechanisms, which leads to resource saving and reduction of operating costs. The studies include the analysis of structural characteristics of the obtained powders and coatings, as well as the determination of their physical and mechanical properties. The variations in these properties as a function of the titanium binder content in the composite powder are analyzed. The description of the microstructure of powders and coatings, as well as the influence of composition on their characteristics, allows us to draw conclusions about the possibility of using these materials to create functional coatings with improved performance characteristics, such as increased wear resistance and heat resistance. The results of the study can be useful for the development of new materials with improved operational properties for use in various industries.

A fatty acid mixture (FCA) was obtained from Technical Vegetable Oil  a Residue of Sunflower Oil production. Mass-spectrometry chromatogram analysis revealed that the mixture consists primarily of nine types of fatty acid. A new cationic surfactant (FCA-3-DMAPA surfactant) was obtained using the amidation reaction of a mixture of FCA with 3-dimethylamine-1-propylamine (3-DMAPA). The chemical structure of the synthesized surfactant was confirmed using mass-spectra chromatogram analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The surface-active and colloid-chemical properties of the synthesized surfactant (critical micelle concentration (CMC), wetting of teflon surface, emulsifiering, flocculating and biocidal properties) were studied. The maximal Gibbs adsorption at water/air interface (Гmax = 4.8×10-6 mol/m2), area occupied by one molecule of the cationic surfactant in the saturated adsorption layer (Аmin = 0.35 nm2), surface-activity (ПСМС = 39.8 mN/m) and zeta-potential (zСМС = +71 mV) at CMC were determined. It was established that the obtained cationic surfactant has good wetting, emulsifying, flocculating and biocidal properties.