The proposed technology for processing of manganese-containing wastes from ore concentration represents a new approach to obtaining low-carbon ferromanganese from wastes. Based on the detailed comprehensive studies of two interrelated stages of the common technology (preparation of granulated pellets from a charge of preset composition and their consequent processing via low-temperature roasting), possibility of obtaining metallized granulated pellets is shown in this research. The main regularities of iron and manganese reduction during roasting within the temperature range 773–1800 K are established. Based on the comprehensive analytical studies of the material composition and forms of manganese, which were carried out using X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography, step-by-step quality control of the products obtained during implementation of the technological cycle of low-temperature roasting is ensured. It was found out that beginning of abundant CO release in the gas phase under conditions of low-temperature roasting is achieved at a temperature ~1373 K. Temperature rise increases the CO content in the gas phase. Maximal CO content in the gas phase is 94 % CO, it was reached at the temperature of ~1473 K. It is displayed that increase of CO content in the gas phase is mainly determined by the course of reactions of wustite and magnetite reduction by carbon. Mn3O4 reduction reaction is hindered due to the high chemical strength of the oxide. It is indicated that higher roasting temperatures (~1773 K) are required to intensify reduction of strong manganese oxides (Mn3O4, MnO) by solid carbon. As a result of low-temperature roasting of granulated manganese pellets, metallized pellets with content of 23.67 % Fegen.; 23.2 % FeMe; 0.7 % MnMe; 28.47 % MnO; 5.0 % C etc. were obtained.

In the article the combined reflectance model based on quadratic and cubic polynomials is discussed. The main characteristics of physically accurate Torrance-Sparrow, Low models and empirical Blinn, Phong, Schlick models are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the cubic and quadratic Blinn-Phong model approximations are explored. The need in the development of new Blinn-Phong model approximation through combining the quadratic and cubic functions is justified. The cubic model is improved in order to improve the accuracy of Blinn-Phong model approximation in the attenuation zone. The formulas of the improved cubic model coefficients are simplified. The precise and approximated formulas for the calculation of connection point between quadratic and cubic functions are obtained. The productivity gain from replacing the cubic function by the quadratic function in the glare’s epicenter zone is calculated. The absolute and relative errors of Blinn-Phong model approximation by the quadratic, cubic and the proposed model are compared. Through the visualization of the test figures “Teapot” and “Robot” the advantages of the proposed function usage for increasing the realism of glares formation are shown.

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in electric power information systems has introduced unprecedented cybersecurity challenges. This study develops and evaluates a comprehensive cybersecurity framework tailored for IoT-integrated power grids, addressing the unique vulnerabilities and complexities of these critical systems. A multi-layered security approach was designed, incorporating device authentication, encrypted communication, and machine learning-based anomaly detection. The framework underwent extensive testing across six distinct attack types (unauthorized access, man-in-the-middle, DDoS, malicious command injection, firmware tampering, and data exfiltration), with over 10,000 simulated attack scenarios conducted in a testbed environment mimicking a regional power grid with up to 10,000 IoT devices. The framework demonstrated high effectiveness, with average threat detection rates of 97.9% and prevention rates of 97.1% across all attack vectors. Performance testing revealed sub-linear CPU utilization growth as IoT devices scaled from 100 to 10,000, with only a 2.3% increase in network latency at the 1,000-device scale. The system maintained 98.7-99.8% availability during attacks and achieved 94-98% compliance with key industry standards. These findings demonstrate the framework's robust capabilities in securing IoT-integrated power systems while highlighting areas for future research in extreme scalability scenarios and real-world implementation challenges.

This research demonstrates the possibility and expediency of forming local electric energy systems (LEESs) based on renewable sources of energy (RSE) as balancing groups in the electric power system (EPS), which can maintain efficiency and provide power supply to consumers in an autonomous mode. The LEES is a part of the EPS of thermal and nuclear power plants and is considered as a separate balancing group. LEESs are designed in such a way that they can operate autonomously in both normal and extreme conditions in the EPS. The sources of electricity in LEESs are small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs), photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs), andwind power plants (WPPs),whose electricity generation is unstable due to dependence on natural conditions. Therefore, the structure of a LEESwith RSE includes an energy storage system with reserves sufficient to compensate for the unstable generation and balancing of the mode. LEESs can differ significantly in terms of key technical and economic indicators (power supply reliability, power losses, and power quality), and therefore, it is necessary to choose the optimal one. It is not advisable to optimize the quality of power supply in a LEES by individual indicators, as improvement of one indicator may lead to deterioration of another. The functional readiness of a LEES should be assessed by the quality of operation, which depends on reliability, power losses, and power quality. To simplify the task of assessing the quality of operation, which is a vector optimization problem, a method for determining the integral indicator as a number that characterizes the LEES and reflects the compromise between the values of reliability, power losses, and power quality has been developed. The integral indicator of the functioning of complex systems is based on a combination of the theory of Markov processes and the criterion method of similarity theory. The value of the integral indicator of the quality of operation of the LEES allows for comparing different variants of power transmission and distribution systems without determining individual components of technical and economic indicators—reliability, power losses, and power quality. The offered integral indicator of the quality of functioning of a LEES with RSE corresponds to the general requirements for such indicators. It reflects the actual operating conditions; allows for assessing the efficiency, quality, and optimality of power supply systems; and can be easily decomposed into partial indicators.

In this article, a monitoring system based on IoT technologies of the substation electrical system in the Republic of Kazakhstan was developed. At the moment, the operation of power systems is extremely important to maintain the frequency of electric current over time. For management and monitoring applications, it is necessary to take into account communication within acceptable limits. IoT technologies are considered the main functions in applications for monitoring and managing energy systems in real time, as well as making effective decisions on both technical and financial issues of the system, for monitoring the main form of data registration on an electric power substation in the city of Shymkent of the Republic of Kazakhstan, for consistent effective decision-making by system operators. In this work, an Internet of Things-based monitoring system was implemented and implemented for the substation of the power system using a specialized device built into the FPGA controller for fast integrated digitalization of transformer substations of real-time distribution electrical networks. The IoT platform also provides complete remote observability and will increase reliability for power system operators in real time. This article is mainly aimed at providing a practical application that has been implemented and tested.

В статье представлены результаты оценки технического состояния центробежных насосных агрегатов на основе анализа вибрационных параметров подшипниковых узлов. Такой подход рассматривается как ключевой элемент обеспечения надежной, безопасной и устойчивой работы технологического оборудования на горнодобывающих предприятиях, расположенных в отдаленных и горных районах, где ограниченная доступность и суровые условия эксплуатации значительно увеличивают последствия отказов оборудования для промышленной безопасности и окружающей среды. Цель исследования. Целью данного исследования является выявление и обоснование основных диагностических признаков для оценки и прогнозирования технического состояния центробежных насосных агрегатов с использованием вибрационных параметров. Внедрение этих признаков позволяет перейти от традиционного планового технического обслуживания к техническому обслуживанию по состоянию, что особенно актуально для повышения ресурсоэффективности и эксплуатационной устойчивости промышленной инфраструктуры в горнодобывающих районах. Методы и материалы. Исследование основано на данных вибрационной диагностики, полученных от десяти центробежных насосных агрегатов SULZER, эксплуатируемых на урановом горнодобывающем предприятии. Измерения проводились с использованием вибрационного анализатора BALTECH VP-3470 с программным обеспечением BALTECH Expert. Анализ включал автоспектральный анализ и анализ огибающей спектра вибрационных сигналов в частотных диапазонах, регулируемых стандартами ISO 10816, что обеспечивает сопоставимость и надежность результатов диагностики. Результаты и обсуждение. Результаты спектрального анализа показывают, что параметры вибрации исследуемых насосных агрегатов остаются в допустимых пределах, что соответствует удовлетворительному техническому состоянию оборудования. В то же время наличие отдельных гармонических составляющих в вибрационных спектрах указывает на ранние стадии дефектов в подшипниковых узлах, подчеркивая необходимость систематического мониторинга. Полученные данные позволили выявить информативные диагностические показатели на основе вибрации, отражающие процессы деградации и их начальные стадии развития. Выводы. Проведенное исследование подтверждает эффективность вибрационной диагностики как инструмента повышения надежности и эксплуатационной устойчивости насосного оборудования. Применение унифицированных диагностических критериев на основе параметров вибрации позволяет раннее выявление дефектов, снижает риск аварийных отказов и способствует созданию более безопасных и устойчивых промышленных систем в горнодобывающих регионах. Резюме. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при разработке и внедрении систем мониторинга насосного оборудования на горнодобывающих предприятиях. Их практическое применение способствует повышению эксплуатационной надежности, снижению затрат на техническое обслуживание и поддерживает принципы устойчивого развития промышленной инфраструктуры в горных районах. © Л.Б. Сагатова, С.А. Бортебаев, А.С. Ажаев, М.Ф. Керимжанова, 2025.

One of the most critical aspects in the development of crank presses is their multi-link linkages and driving systems. This study presents the kinematic modeling and analysis of a hybrid seven-bar linkage mechanism. The mechanism’s kinematics are investigated using analytical methods that involve mathematical expressions describing a position function and its time derivatives with respect to a generalized coordinate. These expressions illustrate the law of motion transformation within the mechanism. This mechanism offers flexible motion by utilizing a servo motor with lower power capacity. The linkage’s flexibility is achieved through the incorporation of a coulisse mechanism, which provides programmable motion output. The hybrid mechanism is driven by both a constant-speed motor and a servo motor.

Рассматривается задача структурно-кинематического синтеза направляющего регулируемо го пространственного механизма IV класса вида ВВЦССВВС (где B – вращательная, Ц – цилин дрическая, С – сферическая кинематические пары). Изложены алгоритмы кинематического анализа регулируемого пространственного механиз ма IV класса вида ВВЦССВВС (где В – вращательная, Ц – цилиндрическая и С – сферическая кине матические пары) методом условных обобщенных координат.

Styrene adsorption has always been a research focus in the field of the gas environment due to its widespread usage. Removal of styrene using activated carbon has been verified because of the physicochemical properties of SMACs prepared by activating Silybum marianum L. waste powder. Hence, a series of novel SMACs were synthesized from NaOH, KOH, and H3PO4 ratio of 1:1–5 w/w and pyrolyzing at 450–950 °C and then washed activated carbon with HCl and NaOH. SMAC82, SMAC137, and the optimal AC (SMAC249) had the largest styrene adsorption capacity, 229, 170, and 136 mg/g for 700 ppm of styrene. Styrene is a typical model for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere, and the findings demonstrated that it is rapidly absorbed into SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 through strong physical sorption. The calculated adsorption amounts showed that the styrene capture processes were feasible for adsorption within a suitable contact time and with excellent equilibrium adsorption capacities. Also, the results showed that the highest removal efficiency at 25 °C by the adsorption of SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 was 92%, 88%, and 86%, respectively. The efficiency results of SMAC82, SMAC137, and SMAC249 show that the styrene breakthrough at 25 °C compared to that of 35 and 45 °C increases approximately two times. Overall, this SMAC82 presented an excellent separation performance for styrene removal and can be a potential option for industrial applications of other VOCs in gas-phase, indicating good adsorption ability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023.

Целью настоящей работы является исследование сорбционных свойств сорбентов, полученных на основе активированного угля (NoritRO, АКВАСОРБ) и шунгита. Эксперименты по определению оптимального сорбента проводились с цианистым раствором состава, мг/л: Au – 11,66; Ag – 2,16; Fe – 0,68; Cu – 8,45, Zn – 8,12. Установлено, что при сорбции золота с использованием сорбентов NoritRO, АКВАСОРБ и сорбента на основе шунгита, наибольшим значением емкости обладает ионит марки NoritRO. Оптимальным значением рН среды для извлечения золота с NoritRO и АКВАСОРБ явился 10, для сорбента на основе шунгита рН = 6. При проведении сорбции золота из многокомпонентного раствора с NoritRO наблюдается соизвлечение примесей металлов. При сорбции золота из реального цианистого продуктивного раствора с сорбентом NoritRO в 6 стадий степень извлечения золота достигает 96-99 %.