This research focuses on studying the process of wastewater treatment using electrical discharge. The introduction highlights the harmful effects of ammonia, nitrites, phosphates, and heavy metals found in wastewater and their impact on water pollution. The purpose of the study is to investigate and evaluate the efficiency of decomposing harmful substances in water using ozone and hydroxyl radicals generated by high-and low-frequency electrical discharges. During the experiment, a voltage of 15 kV and an ozone concentration of 600 g/h were applied. The results showed that the initial ammonia concentration decreased from 130 mg/L to 1 mg/L, while nitrites were reduced from 0.5 mg/L to 0 mg/L. In addition, phosphates (from 30 mg/L to 0 mg/L), chlorides (from 250 mg/L to 20 mg/L), and sulfates (from 200 mg/L to 18 mg/L) significantly decreased. The COD level dropped by 70%, from 800 mg/L to 0 mg/L, and the bacterial count decreased by 85% within 30 minutes, reaching 100% elimination by 60 minutes. The energy consumption was 0.5 kWh per liter of water, proving this method to be an efficient and environmentally friendly solution. The conclusion highlights the potential of the electrical discharge method for water purification without chemical additives, its environmental safety, and its applicability on an industrial scale. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the methods of producing transparent conductive coatings for heating glass in mining equipment and gas-sensitive coatings for mine sensors. Materials and Methods. Three film-forming systems were considered in the work: tin tetrachloride in ethanol, tin hydroxide hydrosol and their mixture in a ratio of 1: 1 by volume. The structure of the coatings, their transmission and reflection spectra, and the sensitivity of the resulting coatings to water vapor were studied. Results. Sensitivity to water vapor was found in coatings obtained from Sn(OH)4 hydrosol at room temperature (24°C). Coatings from the film-forming system - tin tetrachloride in ethanol, demonstrate a transmittance of 80-85% in the visible region and a resistance of 9.7±0.4 kOhm. These coatings can be used for heating glass. Coatings obtained from a 1:1 mixture are sensitive to water vapor and are more resistant to abrasion than coatings obtained from a hydrosol. Discussion. The film obtained from the ethanol system is not sensitive to water vapor. The film obtained from the sol is sensitive to ethanol vapor. Its resistance, when water vapor is introduced, changes by 3.75 times in less than 1 s. The initial resistance value is restored in about 3 s. Films obtained from a mixture of film-forming systems are also sensitive to water vapor. However, the response time and the time of restoration of the initial resistance value are longer than those of films obtained from the sol. Conclusion. Coatings from the film-forming system - tin tetrachloride in ethanol, can be used to heat glass. Coatings obtained from a 1:1 mixture are sensitive to water vapor at room temperature (24°C) and can be used as sensitive elements for water vapor in devices monitoring operating conditions in mines. Resume. The technology of manufacturing thin films on glasses based on tin oxide obtained in the course of the work allows to form stable coatings. The properties of these coatings allow to carry out heating when passing electric current through them. Also, the effect of water vapor on films obtained under certain conditions causes a change in their properties. This allows to use the obtained results of the work for practical application in the manufacture of elements of mining equipment. The formed coatings can be used for the manufacture of humidity and water vapor sensors, as well as for the manufacture of heated glass. © 2024 North Caucasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, State Technological University. All rights reserved.

This article presents the results of a pilot study on the treatment of sludge from a water treatment plant in the city of Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, to ensure further disposal. The main objective of the study was to compare the efficiency of sludge drying by natural and artificial methods. The qualitative characteristics of the leachate from the dewatering unit, the chemical composition of the dried sludge and the granulometric analysis of the dried sludge were also studied. The greatest reduction in moisture content was recorded for drying in natural conditions (2.1%), but this process required the longest drying time. The leachate obtained from sludge dewatering was characterized by significant contamination (e.g., turbidity—55.65 on average, color—67.7, total Fe—5.15 mg/L, total N—79.6 mg/L, COD—311 mg/L, BOD—336.15 mg/L), which indicates the need for its pretreatment before further management in the technological system of the treatment station. The content of chemical substances contained in the dry residue of the sludge was also determined, of which aluminum was 0.94–13.8 mg/kg, silicon was 50.24–146.3 mg/kg, potassium was 1.72–5.51. mg/kg, calcium was 71.8–79.1 mg/kg, iron was 2.0–7.54 mg/kg and nickel was 0.9–4.4 mg/kg. A particle size analysis of the dried sludge showed that the majority fractions were fine and very fine sand, with a total of 20.2%, and silt and clay, with a total of 78.3%. Such properties justify the rationality of considering the reuse of dried sludge as a raw material for making, for example, construction materials or soil remediation material. © 2024 by the authors.

Southern Kazakhstan, particularly the Zhambyl Region, is facing increasing groundwater stress due to climate change, degradation of irrigation infrastructure, and unsustainable water use. Despite substantial renewable groundwater reserves (8.33 km3/year), irrigation still relies on ephemeral surface flow. This study delineates priority zones for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) using a GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis framework integrated with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Nine hydrogeological criteria were incorporated: shallow aquifer depth, groundwater salinity, precipitation, terrain slope, soil texture, land use/land cover, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), drainage density, and lineament density. Each parameter was normalized to a five-class suitability scale and weighted through expert-informed pairwise comparisons. The MAR suitability map identifies about 19% of the region (27,060 km2) as highly favorable for implementation. Field investigations at eleven groundwater sites in 2024 corroborate model results, providing aquifer depth, quality, and infiltration data. The most suitable areas are concentrated on Quaternary alluvial–proluvial fans near the Kyrgyz Alatau foothills and the Talas-Assa interfluve. Three hydrostratigraphic settings were identified: unconfined alluvial aquifers, Neogene–Quaternary unconsolidated sediments, and fractured Carboniferous carbonates. Recommended MAR methods include infiltration galleries, check dams, and injection wells. The proposed approach, validated through consistency analysis (Consistency Ratio ≤ 0.1), demonstrates the applicability of integrated geospatial and field methods for site-specific MAR planning. Strategic MAR deployment could restore productivity to 37,500 ha of degraded irrigated lands and improve groundwater resilience. These findings provide a practical framework for policymakers and water management authorities to optimize groundwater use and enhance agricultural sustainability under changing climatic conditions. © 2025 by the authors.

Ammonia’s (NH3) high hydrogen concentration and simplicity of storage and transportation have made it a promising energy source, especially for hydrogen production. Using an iridium (Ir)-based catalyst for clean space applications, this study examines the release of NH3 during the thermal decomposition of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN), a green energetic propellant. Differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry in conjunction with mass spectrometry (DTA-TG/MS) was used to examine the thermal decomposition. The generation of NH3 was verified by subsequent fragment analysis. Coupled cluster approaches were utilized to validate NH3 generation and to further clarify the reaction process. Combining the theoretical and experimental methods highlights the feasibility of employing HAN as a precursor for NH3 production, indicating that it can be used as a sustainable energy source for space propulsion systems. The effect of temperature on NH3 production using a coupled cluster is also explored. © 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.

The accuracy of classification and localization of plants on images obtained from the board of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is of great importance when implementing precision farming technologies. It allows for the effective application of variable rate technologies, which not only saves chemicals but also reduces the environmental load on cultivated fields. Machine learning algorithms are widely used for plant classification. Research on the application of the YOLO algorithm is conducted for simultaneous identification, localization, and classification of plants. However, the quality of the algorithm significantly depends on the training set. The aim of this study is not only the detection of a cultivated plant (soybean) but also weeds growing in the field. The dataset developed in the course of the research allows for solving this issue by detecting not only soybean but also seven weed species common in the fields of Kazakhstan. The article describes an approach to the preparation of a training set of images for soybean fields using preliminary thresholding and bound box (Bbox) segmentation of marked images, which allows for improving the quality of plant classification and localization. The conducted research and computational experiments determined that Bbox segmentation shows the best results. The quality of classification and localization with the application of Bbox segmentation significantly increased (f1 score increased from 0.64 to 0.959, mAP50 from 0.72 to 0.979); for a cultivated plant (soybean), the best classification results known to date were achieved with the application of YOLOv8x on images obtained from the UAV, with an f1 score = 0.984. At the same time, the plant detection rate increased by 13 times compared to the model proposed earlier in the literature. © 2025 by the authors.

This study analyzes the spatial aggregation and activity of the urban population in Almaty using anonymized population density data provided by a telecommunications operator and geographic data from OpenStreetMap. The study focuses on identifying stable zones of high population activity, which facilitates the optimization of transport routes, urban infrastructure planning, and the efficient allocation of city resources. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of aggregated spatiotemporal data with advanced clustering methods, including DBSCAN, KMeans++, and agglomerative clustering. The research methodology involves dividing the city into 500 × 500 m quadrants, calculating normalized population density metrics, and identifying high-activity clusters. Based on a comparative analysis of clustering algorithms, DBSCAN exhibited the highest clustering quality according to the silhouette coefficient and the Davies–Bouldin index, allowing for the identification of key zones of urban activity. The identified clusters were utilized to assess transport load, analyze disparities in the distribution of public transport stops, and develop recommendations to improve public transport accessibility in the most congested areas. The study’s findings are applicable not only to optimizing the transport network but also to addressing a broader range of urban planning challenges, including the strategic placement of infrastructure facilities and the management of population flows. The proposed methodology is scalable and can be adapted to other cities requiring effective tools for analyzing the spatiotemporal activity of urban populations. © 2025 by the authors.

In this work, a method of regenerative braking of an electric scooter was developed. Regenerative braking of electric vehicles is the basis for energy saving cars and environmental protection. A stand was made for the study of a magnets and an ionistor. In the proposed method, an ionistor is additionally connected in parallel to the battery, which charges faster than the battery, so the process of accelerating the electric vehicle after stopping also occurs faster. It should also be noted that if emergency braking is necessary to stop an electric vehicle, the driver can press the brake pedal and stop the car using brake pads. The paper investigates the method of the element base for the vehicle, as well as control. To develop this study, an electric scooter was chosen as an electric vehicle model. The dependences of the electric current on the operating time of the ionistor in three positions are determined. During the actual speed of the electric scooter corresponds to the controlled speed. © 2023, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

We study the long-run persistence of relative economic well-being under adverse government policies using a combination of historical and contemporaneous data from Kyrgyzstan. After controlling for unobservable local effects, the economic well-being of Kyrgyz households in the 2010s correlates with the early twentieth-century average wealth of their tribes. Inequality at the tribe level in the 2010s correlates with wealth inequality in the early twentieth century. The likely channels of persistence are the inter-generational transmission of human capital, relative status, political power and cultural traits. Transmission of material wealth, differences in natural endowments or geographic sorting cannot explain persistence. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Economic Society.

The article presents the organoleptic and physicochemical (humidity and strength) quality indicators of pasta with the addition of millet at 7.7, and 15.5%, as a new recipe for pasta production. Millets can be used to supplement pasta because of their superior nutritional value and health advantages. On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Eurasian Economic Union, the quality indicators were calculated while taking into account the practices outlined in the standardized documents. Express drying, accelerated drying, drying to a constant mass, and employing the MA-30 "SARTORIUS" apparatus following interstate standards were all employed. The study aimed to achieve appropriate organoleptic quality indicators and physicochemical indicators of humidity up to 28% (after processing pasta with the addition of millet 7.7, and 15.5%. Approximately 100 trials were carried out at the Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of the Bakery Industry" Russian Federation, Moscow. According to the study's findings, all quality indicators are within acceptable ranges, except for pasta with the addition of millet 23.3%, recipes for pasta with the addition of millet have been developed, a utility model patent has been obtained in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 7071, issued by the Republican State Enterprise on the right of economic management "National Institute of Intellectual Property". In conclusion, pasta recipes with the addition of millet have been developed. According to the study's findings, all quality indicators are within acceptable limits except pasta with the addition of millet, which accounts for 23.3% of the total. © 2023 Authors, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0