For processing of low-quality bauxite, it is impossible to use the most simple and economical Bayer hydroalkali method. In spite of the fact that there are various hydrochemical methods allowing to use substandard alumina-containing raw materials the problem of technology improvement is actual. In this work we investigated the possibility of processing kaolinite fraction of bauxite by hydrochemical method, by improving it through preliminary chemical activation and use of active form of calcium oxide during leaching in high-modulus recycled aluminate solution. The developed technology allows to extract aluminum into solution with high efficiency, to regenerate recycled leaching solutions and to obtain waste sludge suitable for construction. Preliminary chemical activation of fine crystalline fraction by thermochemical treatment in sodium hydrogen carbonatesolution at elevated pressure allowed to transform the initial phase composition, eliminate the kaolinite phase, which is difficult to detect by hydrochemical method. The developed method of obtaining the active form of calcium oxide by CaO quenching in Na2SO4solution at elevated temperature and pressure made it possible to carry out hydrochemical stripping of fine crystalline fraction in one stage. The conducted studies have shown the possibility of effective processing of kaolinitefraction of gibbsite-kaolinite bauxite by hydrochemical method by leaching in high-modulus aluminate solution with addition of active form of calcium oxide, after changing the initial phase composition by the method of preliminary chemical activation in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.

The problem of processing stale tailings is a global one, and the main task is the extraction of economically valu-able metals. In Kazakhstan, the market for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from stale tailings is practically undeveloped. In addition, the need for nickel and cobalt increases annually due to the high demand for nickel-cobalt batteries for the manufac-ture of electric vehicles, special alloys and others.Pyrite concentrate containing nickel-cobalt from Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky mining and processing plant is a valuable source of extraction of a number of valuable non-ferrous metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.The purpose of the study is to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from thermally decomposed pyrite concentrate of the Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky mining and processing plant using sulfuric acid solutions. Ther-modynamic analysis of oxidation reactions of the main components of pyrite concentrate showed that thermal decomposition of higher sulfides of iron, nickel and cobalt produced a series of non-stoichiometric lower sulfides Fe0.877S, FeS, Fe2S3, Fe7S8; Ni3S2, Ni3S4and CoS0.89, CoS, respectively.The Pourbaix diagrams of Ni-S-H2O, Co-S-H2O and Fe-S-H2O systems show that sulfuric acid leaching of cobalt and nickel from thermally decomposed pyrite concentrate is possible at pH 0 -1.5 and E > -0.5 V. Leaching of non-stoichiometric FeS-Fe7S8low iron sulfides is possible at pH 0 -4.0 and E > 0 V.Studies to determine the optimum conditions of leaching of thermally treated pyrite concentrates found that for the extraction of nickel and cobalt effec-tive concentration of sulfuric acid is 100g/dm3, theleaching time is 120 minutes and temperature of 100°C and the maximum recovery of metals is 86.71% and 93.01%, respectively. Increasing the acid concentration, duration and temperature leads to complete dissolution of iron.A combined method for processing stale pyrite tailings can be used to process similar raw materi-als.

Today, such important geological phenomena as the existence of planetary eras and phases of folding, on the one hand, rifting, on the other, periodic manifestations of effusive and intrusive magmatism, marine and continental sedimentation, soda and potassium metamorphism, femic and salic metallogeny are not explained by either fixist or mobilist concepts. All these forces geologists to look forother hypotheses and, first of all, turn to the hypothesis of an expanding and pulsating Earth, explaining many geological phenomena that arise before modern geology, and the very concept of an expanding and pulsating Earth fits into the general picture of the development of the substance of the Universe (matter) from the general point of view of cosmology and dialectical philosophy.It is important to emphasize the deeply dialectical nature of the very understanding of matter, associated with the idea ofthe diversity of its forms of motion, which are in a certain relation to each other. Recently, science has discovered many new forms of motion of matter in the microcosm: the movement and transformation of elemen-tary particles, processes in atomic nuclei, as well as geological processes on planets with the formation of geological bodies (minerals, rocks, geological formations, geospheres). And with t o h n and k o m of the development of matter in general and material bodies in particular is the interactionbetween gravity and energy. Mathematically, A. Einstein expressed this by the formula E=mc2or E-mc2= 0. Currently, the development of matter is dominated by energy over gravity E-mc2>0. It is the predominance of energy over gravity that is the driving force in the development of matter in general and material bodies in particular. The source of energy is thermonuclear processes: hydrogen, helium and other chemical elements are formed in the stars; geological bodies are formed on the planets –minerals, rocks, geological formations and geospheres due to their own material, i.e. they grow (expand). And any processes in material bodies due to their spatial movement in space relative to each other occur cyclically by pulsations, because with the spatial movement of material bodies in their orbits of motion, they ap-proach, then move away relative to the center of their orbits of motion with changes in the magnitude of gravity. In this con-nection, all processes in the development of matter as a whole and material bodies occur by pulsations with general growth or expansion due to their own matter.

The work is devoted to the study of an additional method for the synthesis of monoethylnaphthols by the reac-tion of transethylation of 1-naphthol with ethyl-and diethylnaphthalene, which are by-products of alkylation of 1-naphthol with ethanol and has a small area of application.In the catalytic process carried out in the presence of modified H-mordenite based on 1-naphthol and ethanol, along with the target products (1-ethoxynaphthalene, monoethyl-1-naphthols), up to 10.0% ethyl homologues of naphthalene are obtained. In this regard, the interaction of 1-naphthol with diethylnaphthalenes in the presence of Pd-HSVM and composite mordenite was studied, the effect of pressure on the process, which was identi-fied as an important factor, was studied. In the presence of 1.0 wt % palladium pentasil (x=40), a positive effect of a pres-sure of 0.5 MPa on the results was noted, the selectivity for monoethyl-1-naphthols was 85.0%, and in the presence of H-mordenite containing zirconium, chromium and sulfur, this indicator was 94.3% under the same conditions. An increase in pressure adversely affects the course of the reaction and increases the rate of other transformations in the process, such as isomerization and disproportionation.

EngineeringJournal of SatbayevUniversity Volume146(2024),Issue6,39-46© 2024. V. Zhaimina, S. Mustapayeva, G. Omarovazhaimina@mail.ru; s.mustapayeva@satbayev.university; omarova_gulnara@mail.ruEngineeringJournal ofSatbayev University.eISSN 2959-2348. Published by Satbayev UniversityThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.39https://doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2024.i6.06New data on the study of Serpukhov deposits of the Beleuti sectionV.Zhaimina1, S.Mustapayeva2, G.Omarova2*1Institute of Geological Sciences named after K. Satpayev,Almaty,Kazakhstan2SatbayevUniversity,Almaty,Kazakhstan*Corresponding author: omarova_gulnara@mail.ruAbstract. A working group of the International Subcommittee on Carboniferous Stratigraphy is working to determine the boundary of the Vise and Serpukhov stages. Comprehensive work was carried out with the aim of biostratigraphic substantia-tion of the most important boundaries of the Lower Carboniferous, including such priority boundaries as: Vise and Serpukhov, as well as studying the horizons of Vise and Serpukhov by conodonts, ammonoids and comparing them with foraminifera scales for international correlation of Kazakhstani divisions. The upper boundary of the Visean stage is adopted in the parastra-totype in France. The border has not been studied enough. One of the best sections of the boundarydeposits of the Vise and Serpukhov stages in Kazakhstan is the Beleuta section of the Zhezkazgan-Chu district. Geologists have been interested in Zhezkazgan-Chu district since the 18th century. One of the most studied sections is located on the Beleuty River near the con-fluence of the Sholaksai River in Zhezkazgan district in the Sholak mulda, it was described in the middle reaches of the Beleu-ta River on the right bank. The article presents the results of field paleontological and biostratigraphic work carried out in the Ulutau region (Central Kazakhstan). The purpose of these field works was to study the sections of the boundary sediments of the Vise and Serpukhov stages of the Lower carboniferous in order to clarify the correlation of regional stratigraphic units with units of the international stratigraphic scale, to substantiate the lower boundary of the Serpukhov carboniferous stage according to orthostratigraphic groups of fauna using modern methods. To achieve this goal, stratotypic sections were discovered and identified, their coordinates were established, boundary sediment layers were measured and described, lithological and paleon-tological work was carried out (including samples for fauna), spectrometric gamma-ray logging was carried out, organic re-mains, including foraminifera, were identified and described.

The article is devoted tothe current problem of the industrial townTekeliof theZhetysu Region,the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the area of operation the Tekeli mining and processing complex, based on TMPC LLP, where widespread pol-lution of water resources is observed. The main pollutant of its water basin is industrial waste of the operating enterprise locat-ed on the sites of the mining and processing complex.The water of the Karatal River is under intense pressure from the toxic components of the mining industry, which is located in the zone of the densest river network. This co-arrangement contributes to the fact that substances with gaseous, liquid and solid waste inevitably enter the river network. As a result, the nature of the deterioration in surface water quality in the Zhetysu region is becoming a steady trend.Of significant interestfor the develop-ment of sorption methods for the purification of industrial effluents is the use of aluminosilicates -bentonites, as the most common and cheap. However, in a natural state without activation, they often do not have a high sorption capacity, which entails an increased consumption of them. It became necessary to obtain activatedsorbents with a higher sorption capacity from natural mineral raw materials of aluminosilicates.The purpose of this work is to develop an innovative technology for cleaning industrial effluents from heavy metals using a natural sorbent –bentonite.The authors in the study used bentonite as a sorbent, as the most common and cheapest sorbent in this region. However, in their natural state without activation they often do not have a high sorption capacity, which causes increased consumption. There was a need to obtain activated sorbents with a higher sorption capacity from the natural mineral raw material bentonite for development technologies of advanced treatmentof industrial effluents containing heavy metals (Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+).

This article presents the results of the mechanisms of composite ZrO2-Al2O3ceramics atthe addition of a stabilizing V2O5dopant, a change in the concentration of which results in in grain size enlargement, porosity reduction, and the formation of a substitution Zr(V)O2phase in the structure at dopant concentrations greater than 0.10 M. During the conducted studies it was established that the addition of the V2O5dopant to the composition of composite ZrO2-Al2O3ceramics leads to the enlargement of the ZrO2grains in the Al2O3matrix. Moreover, the enlargement of the ZrO2grains results in porosity reduc-tion, as well as a change in the grains from a spherical shape to an irregular diamond shape, which is analloy of smaller grains, the fusion of which is caused by the thermal effect during the melting of the V2O5oxide. Moreover, if the concentration of the stabilizing V2O5dopant in the composition of ceramics grows by more than 0.1 M, this leads to the formation of a finely dis-persed fraction of V2O5with an orthorhombic type of crystal lattice in the structure, the weight contribution of which is within 4-9% depending on the stabilizing dopant concentration. The formation of the partial substitution phase of Zr(V)O2observed at concentrations of the V2O5dopant in the composition of ceramics above 0.1 M is due to the effects of thermal melting of vana-dium oxide, which results in the initialization of grain coarsening processes due to sintering, as well as partial substitution of zirconium ions by vanadium ions in the composition of the monoclinic phase.

More than 300 million tons of ash have been accumulated in the dumps of power plants from the combustion of Ekibastuz coal, with an annual release of over 20 million tons. By 2050, the amount of ash in dumps is expected to exceed 1 billion tons, which could cause an environmental disaster in the regions. On the other hand, ash dumps contain a significant amount of valuable metals -Zn (0.3-4.0)%, Pb (0.1-0.9)%, Cd up to 0.028%, Ga, Ge-200 g/t, and the average content of pow-dered gold is 0.8 g/t. The work aims to develop an energy-saving technology for extracting valuable ash components into sub-limates and waste-free processing of the silicate part of the ash into a melt, suitable forthe production of building materials. The novelty of the work is creating an «ideal»mixture in the melt, with the aim of coagulating particles of valuable compo-nents (Ge, Au) and mix them with Zn, followed by their rise from the melt by evaporating zinc into the gas phase. Experiments carried out on a smelting reactor operating in the «ideal»mixing –«ideal»displacement mode, when melting Zn, Ge -contain-ing slags, proved the feasibility of the proposed method. An assumption has also been made about thepossibility of extracting fine gold from the ash and slag melt using a similar method. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the proposed tech-nology shows: that in the case of extracting gold from the melt, the payback period of the investment does not exceed 2-3 years, and in the absence of extraction -3-4 years.

The article considers sources of hexavalent chromium in the environment, its toxicity, methods of removal, main adsorbents used for Cr(VI) removal, obtaining of carbon sorbents using different raw materials. The interpretation of the mechanism of Cr(VI) removal is given.Chromium is widely used in many industries, which results in the generation of a large amount of hazardous waste -wastewater from steel, metalworking, electroplating, tanning, automotive, paint, paper-pulp and textile plants. Chromium is one of the most dangerous inorganic pollutants because of its carcinogenic effects on biological species. In aquatic environments, chromium usually exists in the trivalent Cr(III) or hexavalent Cr(VI) state. Hexavalent chro-mium ions in aqueous media are highly toxic even in small amounts, and their removal from solution poses a serious wastewater treatment problem. Methods such as adsorption ion exchange, membrane separation, coagulation, chemical precipi-tation, extraction and electrochemical separation can remove hexavalent chromium from wastewater. Adsorption is considered to be the most efficient, economically feasible, environmentally sustainable and technologically promising process. Among adsorbents of different nature, activated carbon is the most widely used.Wood is the most common source of activated carbon but given the importance of wood in maintaining the ecosystem, alternative sources of activated carbon production are being sought. Activated carbon is produced from various materials by high temperature carbonization. Activated carbon materials have high specific surface area and developed porous structure. The micropores in activated carbon account for the physical adsorption of chromium ions. The presence of functional groups containing O and Nin activated carbon affects the chemical structure and the process of chemical sorption.

The presented scientific article deals with the actualproblem of complex processing and disposal of industrial waste from metallurgical and chemical industries in order to obtain building materials, in particular to create heat-resistant building mixtures from them. Special attention is paid to the technological processes of manufacturing heat-resistant construc-tion mixtures from overburden, enrichment tailings, slurries and slags. A critical analysis of the current state of the processing of these types of waste and the production of heat-resistant building mixtures from them is carried out. The article provides an overview of modern technologies and their practical examples in the field of creating environmentally friendly heat-resistant construction mixtures based on recycled materials. In addition, the results of an experimental study on the development of building mixtures for the production of heat-resistant building mixtures from industrial products of vanadium production are described. The industrial product of vanadium production was investigated by chemical and X-ray spectral analysis methods. The data obtained provides an overview of the material that can be used as a component of a mixture for the production of heat-resistant construction material, applicable in obtaining various types of construction mixtures and heat-resistant blocks. To obtain heat-resistant building mixes, cement M 400, liquid glass and chamotte were mixed in various proportions, and then dried at a temperature of 100°C for 24 hours. Further, the dried materials were kept at 1000°C for 10 hours, which, to assess heat resistance, were heated in the temperature range of 800-1800°C for 30 minutes, followed by abrupt cooling with water. The resulting building heat-resistant mixtures had high strength characteristics (compressive strength from 32 to 45 MPa) and good heat resistance/heat resistance.