In recent years, many researches have been able to redefine the use of the most basic and richest renewable resource – biomass, especially lignocellulose. This article presents the results on the production of lignin from sawdust waste, as well as the production of lignin fibers by electrospinning. A technique has been developed for the extraction of lignin and the production of inexpensive electroformed fibers from lignin with high performance characteristics for energy storage. The obtained samples (lignin and lignin fibers) were examined by physicochemical methods, such as: IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Optical microscopy, Electron microscopy (SEM), Elemental analysis.

Improving hydrometallurgical methods for processing copper-containing sulfide natural materials is an urgent task due to the increasing environmental problems, depletion and complexity of the composition of processed raw materials. The kinetic regularities of the process of extracting copper into solution from the solid phase of bornite by alkaline solutions of glycine and hydrogen peroxide are investigated. The kinetics was studied at room temperature and a concentration of 0.1 M hydrogen peroxide. The glycine concentration varied from 0.1 to 1.0 M. In the studied pH range of the medium (8÷11), glycine exists in the form of glycinate anions that react with Cu2+ ions to form a stable copper (II) glycinate, which contributes to the effective extraction of copper from the mineral into the solution. The introduction of an oxidizer – hydrogen peroxide into the system significantly increased the extraction of Cu2+ ions into the solution. The degree of extraction of copper from bornite in the first 10 minutes varied in the range from 29 to 37 %. The results of the conducted studies allow us to consider alkaline solutions of glycine and hydrogen peroxide as a promising solvent reagent for leaching copper from sulfide mineral raw materials.

This paper considers the optoelectronic properties of porous nanostructured silicon obtained by electrochemical etching method. It was noted that the electrolyte concentration affects the depth of porosity, while the anodizing current density affects the density and size of crystallites, as well as the photoluminescence spectra. The results of the Raman measurement showed a low-frequency shift of the wavenumber on the 504 cm-1 line, which changes the frequency difference Δω to 16 cm-1 wavenumber units, while the cross-sectional diameter of the nanocrystallites is distributed from 2.3 nm to 4.3 nm.

Recognizing a person's actions based on video, as well as their psychological and emotional state, including students, is a complex and urgent task that has social significance. The pace of technological development and the growing interest of experts at home and abroad show that the automation of determining psychoemotional reactions is a practical and popular area of research. This article describes various methods on this topic, briefly describes and analyzes modern systems that recognize human emotional behavior. The existing methods of recognizing human behavior, emotional artificial intelligence, which allows computers to recognize and interpret human emotions and respond to them, are analyzed. The camera reads the person's state, and the neural network processes the data to determine emotions. In addition, recent research papers published during 2019 and 2020 are included to present the latest advances in this field.

The article is devoted to the study of cryptographic properties of S-boxes. S-box is a function that accepts n bits at the input, converts them according to a certain algorithm and returns m bits at the output. n and m are not necessarily equal. S-boxes are one of the main components of modern cryptographic algorithms that determine their nonlinearity. To protect cryptographic algorithms from various types of attacks, S-boxes must meet a number of criteria. The purpose of this work is to study the existing cryptographic properties of S-boxes, which will allow us to further analyze the existing criteria that S-boxes must meet and make a reasonable choice of a set of criteria for optimal S-boxes. This article provides an overview of the main properties of S-boxes that are important in the formation of optimality criteria. Differential uniformity, difference distribution table, nonlinearity, linear distribution table, algebraic degree, algebraic immunity, algebraic complexity, avalanche effect, strict avalanche effect, distance to strictly avalanche effect, completeness, linear structures, balancedness, correlation immunity, bit independence criterion, propagation criterion, period, number of fixed points and opposite fixed points, cycles, inversions, increases, boomerang connection table, boomerang difference table are considered. The existing methods of generating S-boxes with the necessary optimal characteristics are also considered.

The empirical model proposed by us makes it possible to calculate the thickness of the surface of a high-entropy alloy and the anisotropy of its surface energy. Cubic equiatomic compounds with an fcc structure were taken for the study. It was found that these structures in the surface layer have an average thickness of about 2 nm, which represents 5-6 monolayers, which are confirmed by reconstruction or relaxation of the alloy surface. These structures are nanostructured formations. It turns out that the thickness of the surface of these layers is approximately the same as the thickness of the surface of amorphous metals layers. They also have approximately the same hardness of 500-800 HV, but 2-3 times higher than the hardness of stainless steels - 200-400 HV. From our point of view, there is much in common between high-entropy alloys and amorphous metals, despite the fact that the former are crystalline, and the latter are amorphous. In the proposed empirical model, it is shown that the maximum surface energy is attained in the [111] plane. It is also shown that the melting temperature of different faces becomes different and, with a decrease in the particle size, it changes according to the hyperbolic law.

Copper nanoparticles are gaining more and more attention of researchers due to their properties such as high electrical conductivity, well-defined catalytic and antimicrobial effects, etc. The range of their application is extensive – scientific research, medicine, microelectronics and much more. To date, various methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles have been developed and successfully applied, in particular chemical, electrochemical, sonochemical, etc. But a significant drawback of such methods is the unsatisfactory purity of the resulting nanomaterial. In this work, a combined high-frequency discharge with an additional constant voltage (HF/DC) was used to obtain Cu particles. A technique for producing nanometer-sized copper particles was developed and studied, and as further analysis using a scanning electron microscope showed, the particles have a spherical shape with diameters ranging from 60 nm to 300 nm.

The article deals with the problem of succession in the study of the topic "Function" between school and university mathematics courses and presents analysis and interpretation of the main results of this test study. The problem of continuity in teaching mathematics is connected with the tasks of implementing intra-subject and meta-subject connections, with the sequence of presentation of educational material, the levels of increasing its complexity, with the search for optimal forms and methods of organizing the process of teaching mathematics at different educational stages. In this regard, the article deals with the problem of continuity in the study of the topic "Function" between the school and university courses of mathematics, presents an analysis and interpretation of the main results of the knowledge and skills of first-year students in three different streams with the Russian language of instruction.

To date, the most effective way to solve the problems of organizing access to distributed information resources is to organize information about them in information systems, denounced in the form of electronic libraries. The article describes the search for terms in the thesaurus and the algorithm for constructing a term tree based on abstract access to the thesaurus, organized in accordance with the Zthes profile of the Z39.50 protocol

Kazakhstan’s economy today is significantly dependent on entrepreneurs engaged in trade. The efficiency of the country's trade enterprises is one of the main pillars of economic growth, since retail involves the employment of a wide range of employees, as well as the development of related enterprises working in the field of logistics, transport services, financial services, construction, and design. Thus, this article aims to consider modern innovative solutions in the field of big data and blockchain technologies to increase the competitiveness of retail companies. In order to be competitive, organizations need to take into account not only economic, but also technical innovations in the market. we live in the era of technology. In this article, we will consider the main criteria for financial growth and demand, as well as the nature of competition in the retail sector, we will analyze the market and its segment. In this article, we will consider the need for Blockchain and Big Data technologies in the field of trade, to increase sales, improve statistics and general indicators. Consider the factors of competitiveness of companies on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and therefore the need for these technologies in modern realities. In this article, we will proceed from the definition that competitiveness is the ability of an object to meet the needs of consumers more efficiently than competitors, using the advantages it has created.