Purpose. To investigate the regularities of reactive species formation during the plasma treatment of multicomponent wastewater from the mining and petroleum industries, as well as to assess their role in contaminant transformation and removal efficiency. Methods. Laboratory experiments were carried out using a specially designed plasma-liquid reactor operating under highfrequency electrical discharge conditions (10-25 kV, 10-30 kHz, interelectrode gap 3-7 mm). The study included determination of the initial physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd). During plasma treatment, the formation of reactive species (•OH, O3, H2O2) was analyzed, and a kinetic model was applied to describe contaminant removal dynamics and treatment efficiency.

The object of the study is the interaction of the electric locomotive wheel pair and the rail. The subject of the research is the wheel resource. The paper proposes a model for calculating the resource mileage of the electric locomotive wheel pair. The basis of the model is the determination of contact stresses in the wheel pair. The proposed calculation model, when changing the input data, can be used to determine the resource of various wheel pairs and traffic safety, and resource savings.

The problem dealt with in this article is the methodology of the key performance indicators (KPI) evaluation of shunting locomotives operation when performing hauling and shunting work. The main parameters affecting the efficiency of rolling stock operation are described, including performance, fuel efficiency and locomotive utilization rate. The algorithm of KPI calculation is proposed, based on the analysis of operational data and statistical methods is proposed. According to the analysis of the trend in cargo transportation over the past 3 years, the need to develop a methodology for evaluating the key performance indicators of shunting work is justified. A comparative analysis of various approaches to assessing the operational performance of locomotives is carried out, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Practical recommendations for improving the operational performance of rolling stock are described.

Cylinder liners of an automotive internal combustion engine are subject to significant losses during operation. Severe operating conditions of cylinder liners lead to the appearance of various defects that must be eliminated to ensure the performance of the internal combustion engine. Currently, several methods have been developed for restoring and strengthening the inner surface of cylinder liners of automobile and tractor engines. Analyzing the considered methods for strengthening and restoring cylinder liners, their advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of increasing their durability, it can be assumed that the high-quality restoration of cylinder liners will be provided by a method of applying a coating by centrifugal induction sintering of powder material. Self-fluxing powders were used as baked powder material.

Original calculation schemes of the motor-axle bearing and the distribution of heat flows in the process of heat removal from the surface layer of lubricant to the axle journal of the wheel pair and to the motor-axle bearing liner are proposed, taking into account its middle layer. In order to substantiate the maximum amount of heat released in the motor-axle bearings of a freight diesel locomotive of the 2TE10 series and caused by the action of friction forces in the zone of contact their with the journals of the axles of the wheel pairs, taking into account the theoretical foundations of heat transfer and the accepted assumptions in the specified calculation schemes, analytical dependencies were obtained to determine the quantities characterizing heat removal from the mentioned motor-axial bearings using three flows.

The article is devoted to the use of statistical modelling to solve problems related to the functioning of road transport and mass service systems, such as car service stations. The method consists in reproducing the process under study using a probabilistic mathematical model and subsequent statistical processing of data to obtain numerical characteristics of the process. The purpose of the study is to apply the method of statistical modelling to determine optimal solutions to problems such as calculating the probability of system states, the average number of occupied channels, queuing time and other characteristics of the service station. A station with two service channels and two waiting places is considered as an object of research.

The object of the study is the interaction of the electric locomotive wheel pair and the rail. The subject of the research is the wheel resource. The paper proposes a model for calculating the resource mileage of the electric locomotive wheel pair. The basis of the model is the determination of contact stresses in the wheel pair. The proposed calculation model, when changing the input data, can be used to determine the resource of various wheel pairs and traffic safety, and resource savings.

Camel milk has demonstrated robust immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in various clinical and experimental studies. However, no previous studies have characterized the cellular immunological effects of camel milk in the context of allergic asthma. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the protective effects of camel milk in house dust mite induced asthma in mice, which emulate human pulmonary inflammation. Female BALB/c mice aged 8- to 10-week-old were intranasally sensitized with vehicle or HDM in 2.5 µl (5 µg) per nostril, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. On day 22, mice received an HDM challenge by a large volume but low dose into the lung (5 µg in 50µl) using intranasal inoculation. Using oral gavage technique, CM/ HDM group mice received 0.5 ml of camel milk or vehicle five times a week, starting a day prior to sensitization. On day 23 following HDM challenge, mice were exposed to serial challenges with 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg/ml aerosolized methacholine to measure lung dynamics. Furthermore, BALF and whole lung samples were harvested to examine pulmonary inflammation. Camel milk effectively inhibited both HDM-induced infiltration of eosinophils and AHR. In addition to this, camel milk downregulates the number of pulmonary Th2 and Th17 cells and suppressed CCL17 expression in whole lung homogenates. Furthermore, camel milk reduced HDM-induced IL-4 and IL-13 expression following in vitro restimulation of pulmonary T cell subsets. Additionally, camel milk suppressed total concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in the lung. These results corroborate the asthma-preventive potential of camel milk and highlight the significance of diminished local concentrations of Th2- associated cytokines. In the present study, the observed downregulation of asthma progression by camel milk suggests its potential health benefits; however, further experimental and controlled clinical trials are needed before it can be considered a supplementary approach for allergic asthma management.

This study presents a combined numerical and experimental analysis of heat and mass transfer in mare’s milk during vacuum sublimation drying, which is a process essential for producing high-quality powdered products. The numerical model was developed using two-dimensional simulations and validated against experimental data obtained for varying sample thicknesses (3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm). Results demonstrated a strong agreement between the model and experimental temperature data, with a coefficient of determination ((Formula presented.)) of 95% during the sublimation process. The findings revealed that thinner samples (3 mm) exhibited a 20% faster drying rate than thicker samples (7 mm), highlighting the critical role of sample thickness in sublimation dynamics. Additionally, the effects of heat flux distribution and mass loss due to sublimation were analyzed to understand the drying dynamics. This study highlights the importance of optimizing process parameters such as chamber pressure, shelf temperature, and sample thickness to enhance drying efficiency and reduce processing time.

Camel milk occupies a pivotal and essential position in the dietary customs of individuals residing in semi-arid and arid areas. Historically, the promotion and commercial distribution of camel milk have been negligible, primarily due to the absence of processing facilities in areas where camels are raised. Consequently, the consumption of untreated camel milk has been predominantly limited to nomadic households. However, owing to its health-enhancing effects, a substantial surge in the global demand for camel milk and its derivatives has been observed over the past two decades. This growing demand has prompted the dairy sector to introduce a diverse range of camel milk products, which are distinguished by their enhanced nutritional and functional properties. In contrast to products derived from bovine milk, the current market offers only a limited selection of food items sourced from camel milk. Recent advances in food processing technologies have enabled the production of an array of both dairy and non-dairy products derived from camel milk. This includes a variety of items such as powdered milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream. Moreover, in certain regions, camel milk is incorporated into customary cuisine, serving as a key ingredient in local culinary practices like fermented milk, camel milk tea, or as a fundamental component in various meals. This review underscores the possibility of transforming camel milk into a range of dairy products by addressing its intrinsic functional constraints. This objective can be realised by adjusting the processing parameters and modifying its chemical composition through enrichment techniques. Furthermore, further research avenues may focus on enhancing product quality and exploring innovative processing techniques.