This research focuses on enhancing the security of decentralized quantum key distribution (QKD) networks, where the absence of a central authority creates significant challenges such as malicious node infiltration, undetected key leakage, and unauthorized re-entry of revoked participants. Traditional authentication and trust models are insufficient for fully distributed QKD topologies, which remain highly vulnerable to insider threats and persistent compromise. To address these risks, let’s propose a layered security framework composed of three integrated components: Challenge-Response Authentication (CRA), Dynamic Trust Scoring (DTS), and Blockchain-Based Access Control (BBAC). CRA verifies node legitimacy through randomized quantum-state interactions, significantly reducing impersonation and quantum replay attacks. DTS implements real-time trust evaluation using anomaly detection to dynamically downgrade compromised nodes based on their behavioral deviations. BBAC maintains an immutable and tamper-proof trust ledger to block revoked nodes from re-entering under falsified identities and resists Sybil attacks using post-quantum cryptographic primitives. Simulation results confirm that the system improves detection rates of covert threats, ensures authentication latency under 10 ms, and reduces re-entry success to zero. The proposed architecture ensures long-term scalability and resilience, making it applicable to critical domains such as finance, national infrastructure, and military communication. This work contributes a novel, verifiable, and scalable solution to one of the most pressing open problems in distributed quantum networks Copyright © 2025, Authors.

The combustion of pyrolysis oil in industrial gas turbines utilizing biofuel represents a renewable energy source that originates from biomass waste. This combustion process presents a viable alternative to fossil fuels in industrial applications, contributing to a decrease in carbon emissions and mitigating greenhouse gas effects. An analysis of thermal and hydrodynamic factors is essential for comprehending how different combustion capacities and pyrolysis geometries like length, width, and storage volume affect system performance. This study aims to investigate how different variations of the k-ω viscosity model (k-ω Standard, SST, GEKO, and BSL) affect the pyrolysis combustion process of a gas-fired industrial burner with capacities of 200 kW, 700 kW, and 1000 kW. Numerical studies employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were carried out to ascertain the optimal thermal and hydraulic performance. The findings indicate that the k-ω standard viscous model produces the most favorable outcomes, with SST, GEKO, and BSL following closely, evaluated on parameters including air flow rate, maximum wall temperature, coefficient of heat transfer, and Nusselt number. Therefore, the k-ω standard numerical model, which has a combustion capacity of 1000 kW, is applicable for the geometric calculations of various pyrolysis gas-fired industrial burners. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2025.

Review and Justify use of new alternative way of gold ore transportation on high altitude mining operations in Kyrgyzstan in prime purpose of the study. Glaciers of Kyrgyzstan are main source of fresh water supply in Central Asia. Local ecosystem preservation is important part of metal mining in Kyrgyzstan and specific needs of nomads should be taken in the account. Novelty of study is preliminary assessment of mine in Kyrgyzstan for potential gravity energy by loading and dumping point's GPS coordinates are taken on site and review of appropriate technologies for ore transportation in order to reduce carbon emissions. Aerial ropeway specific energy consumption formula and recuperating ropeway system from previous studies are reviewed and used in study. Improvement of existing mine operations by improving transportation practices should be further studied. The design and maintenance of haul roads may allow to reduce diesel fuel consumption by 10% and more. Preliminary potential energy for recuperation by aerial ropeway application in Jerooy and Jamgyr gold mines of Kyrgyzstan are identified. Energy recuperating aerial ropeway system with fuel cells can be strategically long-term preferred solution for mines in Kyrgyzstan located in high altitude. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Today, digital transformation has a significant impact on the structure of trade, consumer behaviour and macroeconomic indicators, especially in developing countries. This study aims to assess the impact of dig-italisation on the development of electronic commerce in Kazakhstan and its relationship with macroeco-nomic indicators, as well as to predict the dynamics of e-commerce using regression and time analysis. The official statistical data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bank, as well as international organisations (the World Bank, ITU) were used as source data. The research methodology includes descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS, as well as forecasting the volume of electronic commerce using the ARIMA. The results showed a high correlation between the volume of e-commerce and the level of Internet penetration (r = 0.83), the number of users (r = 0.85), as well as the volume of cross-border trade (r = 0.95). Multiple regression showed that e-commerce in the service sector (β = 0.707, p < 0.001) and the share of e-commerce in the retail structure (β = 0.347, p = 0.003) had the most significant impact. The results of the study emphasise the need to review the marketing strategies of enterprises, develop digital infrastructure and improve government policy in the field of cross-border electronic commerce. In future work, it is advisable to use microdata to include behavioural factors, as well as expand time series and apply nonlinear models, including structural shifts, to analyse the impact of digitalisation on trade more accurately. © Institute of Economics Committee of Science MSHE RK, 2025.

The construction of residential buildings and structures is a complex process in which the economic component plays a key role. It is essential to maintain a balance between saving construction materials and the costs of additional engineering solutions while ensuring the functionality and comfort of the building’s operation. To achieve this goal, researchers initially analyze the impact of the climatic environment and spatial planning solutions—i.e., building shapes—that directly affect the building compactness ratio when evaluating the efficiency of the designed building. In this regard, the objective of this study was to analyze the shapes and orientations of buildings in the Republic of Kazakhstan across eight territorial units located in the I, III, and IV climatic zones between latitudes 42°18′ and 52°16′ N. The study identified the most favorable building orientations for each climatic zone: the meridional orientation is preferable for the I and III zones, while the latitudinal orientation is optimal for the IV zone. Four residential building shapes—square, rectangular, cylindrical, and triangular—were analyzed based on a floor area of 1000 m2 and a building volume of 3000 m3 during the coldest five-day period and the hottest month. According to the specific thermal characteristic values, it was found that a cylindrical residential building is 1.1, 1.37, and 1.27 times more efficient than square, rectangular, and triangular residential buildings, respectively. Additionally, the compactness ratio was determined for different residential building shapes and heights, ranging from 8 to 16 floors in increments of four floors. The results showed that under these conditions, the compactness ratio increases by an average of 1.3 times due to the increase in the area of external walls. However, if the initial condition is changed to account solely for the floor area, the compactness ratio decreases by up to 2.3 times. The conducted research shows that when solving the problem of the energy efficiency of a building, taking into account shapes and orientations, it is necessary to carry out a full assessment of the specified energy efficiency parameter depending on the expected results, which requires a comprehensive analysis to achieve energy-efficient buildings. At the same time, the results of this study will be used and will positively complement the results of a comprehensive study by the authors on the development of energy-efficient exterior enclosing structures, which, together with general solutions, will significantly affect the thermal balance of the building and complement the research conducted earlie

This article explores the efficiency of using ozone and electrical discharge methods to remove heavy metals from groundwater. Industrial and agricultural waste contaminates groundwater, leading to high concentrations of heavy metals like Cu, Fe+2, and Fe+3, which pose significant threats to human health and the environment. The objective of this work is to clean contaminated groundwater using an environmentally friendly method that does not require additional chemical reagents. During the study, as the ozone concentration increased from 100 to 500 g/hour and the pH level rose to 7.5, the concentration of Cu ions decreased from 1.20 g/hour to 0.57 g/hour, and Fe+2 reduced from 5.00 g/hour to 0.92 g/hour. The purification efficiency increased with Cu from 75% to 99%, Fe+2 from 35% to 98%, and Fe+3 was entirely removed (100%). Groundwater in Kopa village of the Ayagoz district is characterized by excessive levels of copper ions, and this method demonstrated high effectiveness in addressing the ecological issue. During the purification process, a high sediment yield was observed, significantly improving water quality. The study concludes that ozone and electrical discharge are effective, positioning this method as a promising technology for improving groundwater quality in Kazakhstan and other regions. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

This study presents the level of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution in the transboundary Ile River in 2015, 2018, 2019, 2023, and 2024. PCB contamination of water, as well as the presence of a large number of individual congeners, including strictly controlled ‘marker’ and dioxin-like congeners, were detected along the entire length of the river within Kazakhstan. Water samples were analyzed using a Chromos GH-1000 gas chromatograph. Significant interannual variability of river water contamination and a noticeable decrease in 2023 and 2024 compared to the previous periods have been identified. The study examined the PCB concentration transformation in the Ile River, from the transboundary section to the river’s confluence with Lake Balkhash, assessing not only fluctuations in total PCB concentration, but also their congener composition. The main natural and anthropogenic PCB sources and factors causing the transformation of the toxicant along the river course were identified. The total amount of transboundary PCB discharge both into Kazakhstan and into Lake Balkhash was calculated. The results can be used by state and local environmental protection agencies for the development of measures to protect rivers from pollution by these highly toxic pollutants, which is in line with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. © 2025 by the authors.

Purpose. The research aims to develop a technology for tailings solution purification using membrane nanofiltration to reduce waste volume and enterprise costs by reusing the purified water. Methods. The research uses polyamide nanofiltration membranes on a semi-industrial plant. The nanofiltration process is conducted at a pressure of 3.5 MPa with 30% permeate yield. The chemical composition of the solutions is analyzed using atomic-absorption and chemical methods. Findings. Removal of 69% arsenic, 68.5% zinc and 95.7% iron has been achieved under optimal conditions. The purified solution with a residual sulphuric acid concentration of ~3.5 g/l can be used again for leaching lead dust. The concentrated metal solution allows for additional zinc extraction. The use of technology reduces waste volumes by more than 30% and reduces the enterprise’s recycling costs. Originality. The research proposes a new environmentally friendly nanofiltration technology for tailings solution purification that can effectively remove heavy metals and extract valuable components. This approach uniquely integrates membrane nanofiltration at an optimized pressure of 3.5 MPa, achieving high removal rates of heavy metal ions such as As3+, AsO43-, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+, while reducing waste by 30% and enabling the reuse of sulfuric acid and water in the leaching process, leading to significant cost and resource savings. Practical implications. Implementation of the proposed technology at lead dust processing enterprises reduces the costs of wastewater treatment, reduces the waste volume and allows for the reuse of water and acids in the production process. © 2024. B. Altaibayev et al.

Energy waste is a critical issue, driving up utility costs and harming the environment. Traditional energy monitoring systems are passive, lacking real-time optimization, which leads to unattended energy consumption and inefficiency. This article introduces IoT-based energy meters (IoTEM) to provide a real-time approach to energy management, offering actionable insights and enabling immediate adjustments. By monitoring energy usage at the appliance level, these smart meters help users identify inefficiencies, reduce costs, and improve energy efficiency. Despite their benefits, IoT energy meters face challenges, such as data privacy concerns and the complexity of managing large-scale systems. This paper examines IoT energy metering systems, addressing their potential to improve energy management performance, modernizing outdated infrastructure, and reducing environmental impacts. © 2025 IEEE.

The problem of long-term construction exists in many countries. There are numerous examples of multi-stage construction over several centuries. Very often, ongoing construction does not go according to the original project. But there are also examples of preserving the original idea. Such examples are most typical when restoring destroyed buildings. However, in some cases, the construction of a building has not been completed. One of these is the mausoleum-khanaka of Akhmed Yassawi in Turkestan city. The active phase of the construction of this building ended at the beginning of the 15th century. Partial completion was made at the end of the 16th century. Since then, the building has been in an unfinished state. This stimulates its gradual destruction, despite the complex of repair and restoration works. This problem requires an urgent solution, as the building is in a state of disrepair. In this context, the proposed project of completing the construction of the mausoleum-khanaka in accordance with the original design plan is of interest. The use of lightweight structures based on a steel frame, which is based on independent reinforced concrete foundations, reduces the load on the existing part of the building. This building has great historical and cultural significance. The completion of this building will eliminate the existing danger of its destruction and will have a significant social and economic effect.