Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), prepared by using solution-processed printing techniques, gained much attention over the past few years and a considerable progress has been achieved in improving the power conversion efficiencies of these devices. Nevertheless, there are still some advancements that can be implemented, especially in terms of passivation of surface defects in the perovskite photoactive layer. Passivation can afford considerable reduction in surface recombination of charge carriers in the photoactive layer and help to obtain devices with better performance. In this work, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-based inks with small amount of pyridine as an additive are used to deposit the hole transport layer and simultaneously passivate the surface defects of the perovskite layer in flexible and printed PSCs. The devices are fabricated on flexible conductive plastic substrates using a slot-die coating method. It is found that 2.5 wt.% pyridine-containing inks for preparing hole transport layer have a positive effect on the performance of resulting PSCs. On average, around 13% improvement in the power conversion efficiency is observed for the devices with passivation as opposed to the reference devices without passivation. The effect of pyridine passivation on the structural and electronic properties of the perovskite layer on a flexible substrate is studied using experimental and analytical techniques, whereas the computer simulation methods are employed to rule out the possible mechanisms for the performance improvements in the devices with passivation. The approach presented here can be useful for developing simplified protocols for printing of flexible PSCs with the passivated perovskite layer and improved device efficiency.

The paper provides an overview of the technological equipment of automated control systems for the crushing process. It is established that the choice of the technological scheme of ADSP depends on the type of processed raw materials, its physical characteristics, requirements for the quality and purpose of the finished product, the required ratio of cuboid grain, the planned capacity. And also found that the task of automatic control of process of crushing is to maintain a given size of the final product and to maximize input to crushing units of energy by optimum loading of the crusher, as well as obtaining the highest possible performance crushing units and maximum utilization of the input to crushing units of energy by optimum loading of the crusher, and the highest possible performance in the final product at the maximum loading of the crushing chamber crushers.

Tien-Shan seismogen (TSS) is the modern mobile macro-fissure structural heterogeneity of lithosphere within which geodynamical processes occur accompanying intensive tectonic movements in earth’s crust and seismic phenomena [10]. The TSS is distinguished as a whole structural formation in the area of the joint structure of the Urals and Western Siberia with the structures of Central Asia by means of a complex of interpretation and analysis of a whole range of materials: geological, geophysical, etc. [1]. In order to study the current geodynamics of the structural irregularities of the Earth’s crust in the territory of North Tien Shan, which is the most seismically active in Central Asia, comprehensive geophysical studies are being conducted. Monitoring consists of three permanent observation points with a 24-hour programme. Those points are situated on seismic active part of Northern Tien-Shan. Kurty point is located in flat part of monitoring area (area with weak seismicity of the earth’s crust) and other points, Turgen and Medeo are located in seismic active part of Tien-Shan. Strainmeters are oriented in the North-South and East-West directions. Based on the experimental data obtained at Kurty, Medeo and Turgen points the bank of data was created. It contains hourly, daily, monthly and annual average values of deformations calculated by directions C-Y and B-3, as well as their modules. In this paper, the link between the deformation of rocks and atmospheric processes (the link between rock deformation and concentration density of electrons in ionospheric layers) are researched. According to trends, electron concentration in E layer increases but in higher layers decreases. Rock deformation in Medeo and Turgen area changes synchronously with the dynamics of the electron concentration in E layer and in Kurty area is antiphase. As a result, it is possible to trace the dependencies and links between the deformation of rocks and the geophysical and fluid processes of the Earth's crust, which, after analyzing and interpreting the data obtained experimentally, can be traced.

Railway transport is one of the basic modes of transport and the economy as a whole for the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is this type of transport that ensures the transportation of a significant amount of dangerous goods of various properties. Failure to observe safety measures and precautions during their transportation may pose a threat to railway workers, the public, as well as to the environment. Transport safety is the highest priority of various parts of the railway transport. Safety depends on the synergistic interaction of many components of the transport process – the properties of the cargo, the technical condition of the rolling stock, the track and infrastructure of the railways, the qualifications of workers, the state of the environment, and the like. This article discusses the ecological problems in railway transport, their negative impact on the environment.

Mankind will always need metallic minerals. Despite of reduction of specific consumption, of increase both volumes of their reuse, and increase in strength qualities and wear resistance, of addition to metal alloys of synthetic materials, and also of transition to artificial atomic assembly of the necessary chemical elements from natural rocks and their constituent minerals and synthesis of metals from ocean water, offshore placers and bottom deposits in the future, extraction of ore from massif of earth crust will be the basic source of supply of demanded minerals. Based on these immutable postulates, we have made a comprehensive analysis of the existing geochemical patterns, the accumulation of mineral matter suitable for use as minerals. The origin of the planets of the Solar system with the condensation of the gas-dust cloud, which, in turn, as a result of adiabatic compression turned into planets of the Earth type and the asteroid belt with meteorites, was the reason for the same distribution of chemical elements in the Sun, in meteorites and in the Earth crust. We considered the anthropogenic-technical possibilities of mankind on the maximum depth of development of the continental part of the Earth's crust, the minimum industrial content (which will change over time towards reduction), the amount of minerals according to the clark in that part of the continental Earth's crust which is possible for industrial use with the objective restrictions, we determined the reserves of the demanded chemical elements. Calculations show their sufficiency for many years to come, but it will be the reserves in the deposits of a new type, created by objective geochemical regularities acting in nature, but not considered at present. Particular attention should be paid to the analytical generalization of mineral content at the micro- and nanoscale, which are currently not defined, being unaccounted reserves within well above the clark content at the minimum industrial level. The use of clarks and other geochemical patterns in the Earth's crust will require the creation of new analytical capabilities in exploration, new technological solutions for the extraction and processing of minerals from deposits of a new type, which are briefly described in the paper and are the subject of a more detailed and evidence-based description in the development of this article.

The results of studies on the utilization of copper electrorefining solutions, zinc-containing sublimation dusts of pyrometallurgical processing of non-ferrous metal scrap are presented. Zinc-containing sublimation dusts for the regeneration of commercial electrolyte by the neutralization method were used for the first time. Contained in dust, zinc oxide, when dissolved in a sulfuric acid electrolyte, binds sulfate ions of free sulfuric acid and increases the pH of the solution. When the pH of the precipitation of non-ferrous metals is reached, they are precipitated in the form of hydroxides, which makes it possible to return to processing a significant amount of copper, nickel, zinc, lead and tin contained in them. Studies of the material composition of the commercial electrolyte of copper and zinc sublimates for the processing of non-ferrous metal scrap have been carried out. The conditions for purification of the electrolyte by the method of staged neutralization are determined. The first stage of neutralization was carried out with zinc sublimates, the second and third stages with potash. As a result of the first stage of neutralization to pH 4.7, lead was obtained - a tin-containing product that can be processed together with lead-containing copper electrorefining sludge. As a result of the second stage of neutralization with potash to pH 7.1, a precipitate was obtained, after treatment of which in a KOH solution, a precipitate of copper oxide was obtained. As a result of the third stage of neutralization to pH 9.5, a nickel-zinc-containing precipitate was obtained. After treating the precipitate with a KOH solution, a zinc-containing solution and a nickel-containing precipitate were obtained, after calcining which a nickel oxide precipitate was obtained.