The aim of this study is to determine the differences in the damaged layer degradation kinetics in two-phase lithium-containing ceramics based on Li2ZrO3 and Li4SiO4 compounds in the case of irradiation with protons and helium ions, simulating the gas swelling and blistering processes, as well as the accumulation of radiolysis products in the damaged layer. During the conducted studies it was established that in the case of proton irradiation, the dominant role at fluences of 1015–1017 cm−2 is played by oxygen vacancies, the change in the concentration of which upon reaching critical values causes a decrease in the thermophysical properties, and disordering of the damaged layer. In this case, the accumulation of radiolysis products in the form of HC2 – and Zr3+ -defects in the structure of the damaged layer is observed at fluences of 5 × 1017 cm−2, while when irradiated with He2+ ions, the formation of these types of HC2 – and Zr3+ -defects is observed at a fluence of 1017 cm−2. Comparison of the concentration dependences of defects in the damaged layer on the atomic displacement value under irradiation with protons and He2+ ions revealed that the formation of oxygen vacancies under irradiation with He2+ ions is more intense than in the case of irradiation with protons, which in turn results in more pronounced processes of accumulation of radiolysis products in the case of high-dose irradiation.

The development of critical thinking skills has become a central priority in contemporary education, especially in preparing students for complex problem-solving, informed decision-making, and lifelong learning. This paper presents the design and initial deployment of a bilingual (Kazakh–Russian) AI-powered educational tool aimed at fostering critical thinking among secondary school students. The application leverages NLP and large-language models to analyze literary or instructional texts and generate Bloom-aligned questions at all cognitive levels, from basic recall to analysis, evaluation, and creative synthesis. The system enables teachers to upload text-based content, upon which the AI automatically produces structured level-specific questions tailored to the material. An integrated scoring and feedback mechanism supports formative assessment and encourages self-regulated learning. The preliminary evaluation includes an expert review of 30 generated items (three teachers of the literature) and early engagement metrics from a pilot with Class 6A (n=18). Baseline data collection is underway to allow a comparative analysis of the impact of the tool on the development of critical thinking. This case study illustrates the potential of AI to deliver personalized and cognitively engaging learning experiences in formal education. The paper details the system architecture, instructional logic (including retrieval-augmented, prompt-driven generation), and pilot evaluation framework, providing a foundation for future empirical studies and scalable implementation in diverse educational contexts.

This article presents the results of research work devoted to improving the characteristics of paint and varnish coatings based on aqueous dispersions of polyacrylates; it is proposed to modify them by introducing mineral raw materials as fillers and hydrated lime, with subsequent processing in a vortex layer apparatus. The introduction of activated diatomite does not cause the deterioration of covering power, adhesion or an increase in the porosity of the paint material. The modification of coatings contributes to an increase in their operational properties, which can be associated with a reduction in the free volume in the composite and the formation of polymer boundary layers with modified physical and chemical properties. The aim of this study is to obtain a water-dispersion paint and varnish composition containing modified diatomite on a polyacrylate basis and, subsequently, study its main physical and mechanical parameters. The work has been carried out by the following method: determination of porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering power of the control composition; determination of porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering power of the obtained composites using modified filler; investigation of the influence of radiation on the infrared spectrum of the paint coating surface using a FLIRB620 thermal imager. As a result of this research work, it was noticed that the modification of water dispersions with silica-activated diatomite helps to eliminate the main disadvantages of materials and coatings based on acrylate binders—low water resistance and low physical and mechanical characteristics. The introduction of modified diatomite into water-emulsion paint on an acrylate base does not lead to the deterioration of the main performance characteristics of paint coatings—porosity, adhesion, elasticity and covering.

This article discusses the importance of ecosystem restoration in response to increasing environmental pressures such as intensive agriculture, deforestation, resource overexploitation, and climate change. Special attention is given to the role of beneficial soil microorganisms, particularly mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, in supporting plant establishment, biodiversity recovery, and ecosystem resilience. The study highlights the significance of plant–microbe symbioses in restoration programs and identifies glomalin content as a reliable indicator of soil stabilization and restoration success, with higher levels observed in undisturbed and restored ecosystems than in disturbed sites.

Reactive transport modeling is known to be computationally intensive when applied to 3D problems. Transforming sequential computing on the computer processor units (CPU) into parallelized computation on the high-performance parallel graphic processor units (GPU) is a classical approach to increasing computational performance. Another complementary approach is to decompose a complex 3D modeling problem into a set of simpler 1D problems using streamline approaches which can be easily parallelized, therefore reducing computation time. This paper investigates solutions to the equations governing dissolution and transport using streamlines coupled with a parallelization approach. In addition, an analytical solution to the dissolution and transfer equations of uranium describing the In-Situ Leaching (ISL) mining recovery is found using an approximation series to the 2nd order. The analytical solution is compared to the 1D numerical resolution along the streamlines and to the 3D simulation results superimposed on the streamline. Both approaches give similar results with a relative error of <2 % (2%). The proposed methodology is then applied to a case study in which the classical 3D resolution is compared to the newly suggested streamline solution, demonstrating that the streamline approach increases computational performances by a factor ranging from hundred to thousand depending on the complexity of the grid-block model. © 2023 The Authors

The research aims to enhance methods for distributing freight flows across a railway network to ensure unhindered access to public railway transportation services for shippers. The study was conducted using the methodological framework of railway operation theory in conjunction with operations research methods. During the research, a method for distributing freight flows across a railway network, taking into account capacity constraints of specific sections, as well as a method for allocating additional transportation costs among shippers, is proposed. The originality of the research lies in improving the methodology for distributing freight flows across railway networks under capacity constraints. The proposed method makes it possible to consider the interests of individual shippers when using public railway transport by identifying sections with capacity constraints and adjusting tariff distances accordingly. The applied relevance is confirmed by the fact that implementing the results can improve methods of organizing wagon flows and determining freight tariffs, taking into account the interests of both railways and their customers.

Неконсолидированные месторождения песчаникового урана, используемые методом выщелачивания на месте (ISL), содержат сложные тетраввалентные и шестивалентные урановые соединения, преимущественно в виде UO2 и UO3 оксиды с разной скоростью растворения в растворах серной кислоты. В данной работе рассматривается модель реактивного транспорта, учитывающая растворение обоих UO2 и UO3 в растворе серной кислоты вместе с возможными взаимодействиями с минералами породы во время добычи урана ISL. В ходе лабораторных экспериментов по анализам извлечения урана были определены несколько эмпирических констант скорости реакции, включая скорость растворения тетраввалентных и шестивалентных оксидов урана, а также скорость растворения горных пород раствором серной кислоты. Также изучается влияние на восстановление скоростей потока раствора и соотношения между тетраввалентными и шестивалентными урановыми соединениями. Экспериментальные константы растворения затем использовались в предложенной модели реактивного транспорта для применения к реальному кейсу в Казахстане для сравнения 16-месячного исторического сопоставления эксплуатационного блока, состоящего из 18 инжекторов скважины и 4 производителей. Полученные численные результаты хорошо согласуются с эмпирическими данными, собранными в ходе эксплуатации. © 2022 года авторами.

Актуальность указанной тематики для данного научного исследования, определяется наличием вопросов выявления оптимальных тенденций развития транспортной инфраструктуры Республики Казахстан, с учётом эффективности капиталовложений в растущей потенциал транзитной составляющей и соотношением видов транспорта в инфраструктурных узлах. Целью данной научно аналитической работы, является комплексная оценка повышения потенциала и эффективности международного грузового транзита в Казахстане за счет развития транспортной инфраструктуры и её соизмерение с обоснованными потенциальными капиталовложениями для реорганизации и развития инфраструктурных узлов с применениями различных видов транспортных систем. Базовым методом данной научно-аналитической работы является системный анализ существующей транспортной инфраструктуры Индокитайского региона с привязкой к транзитному потоку европейского направления, в который интегрирован метод прогнозирования с целью определения общих тенденций развития инфраструктуры оптимальных для конкретного промежутка времени. Основными результатами данной научно аналитической работы, является выявление групп ключевых критериев, которые определяют нынешние состояние потенциала и эффективности инфраструктуры, в развитии которых имеются рациональные возможности как для отдельных направлений, так и транспортной инфраструктуры в целом, обращая особое внимание на свою ценность при составлении стратегий и формировании планов повышения потенциала и эффективности международного грузового транзита в Республике Казахстан. Информация, поданная в данной научно-аналитической работе, имеет интерес для широкого круга читателей, представляя ценность как в развитии бизнес направлений, которые стремиться к возможностям от развития транспортной инфраструктуры, так и государственной системе планирования, представляя особый интерес по причине актуальности геополитического расположения Республики Казахстан.

Бұл мақалада вагон ағындарын өңдеу тиімділігін арттыру мақсатында өнеркәсіптік теміржол станцияларында жолдарды бөлуді оңтайландыру мәселелері қарастырылады. Тақырыптың өзектілігі шектеулі жол ресурстарын ұтымды пайдалану, станциялардың өткізу қабілеті мен өңдеу қабілетін арттыру және пайдалану шығындарын азайту қажеттілігіне байланысты. Негізгі назар аударылатын бағыт бойынша вагон ағындарын құрастыру және өңдеу ерекшеліктерін, қозғалыс кестесін, өңдеу тәртібін және шектеулі жол қорының ерекшеліктерін ескеретін модельдер мен оңтайландыру әдістерін әзірлеуге бағытталған. Ұсынылған шешімдер математикалық модельдеу, графиктер теориясы, сызықтық және дискретті бағдарламалау әдістерін қолдануға негізделген. Нәтижелер станцияларды басқарудың автоматтандырылған жүйелерін әзірлеу үшін пайдаланылуы мүмкін, бұл вагондарды жолдар бойымен жоспарлауды және жедел бөлуді айтарлықтай жақсартады, жылжымалы құрамның тұрып қалуын қысқартады және жүктерді өңдеуді тездетеді.

This article investigates the corrosion behavior of Magnesium in aqueous sulfate-containing electrolytes. The study examines how sulfate ions influence the corrosion mechanisms, surface film formation, and degradation rate of magnesium under various electrochemical conditions. Through electrochemical and surface characterization analyses, the research provides insights into the interaction between magnesium and sulfate-rich environments, contributing to a better understanding of corrosion processes and the factors affecting the durability of magnesium-based materials.