This work explores the mathematical modeling of thermophysical processes within a thermoelectric device (TED) designed for brain cooling. The pressing need to mitigate cerebral hyperthermia, a condition triggered by factors such as strenuous physical activity, elevated ambient temperatures, and various pathological conditions, underscores the significance of this research. The focus of this study is a specialized design—a cooling helmet encompassing the scalp, frontal, and temporal regions. This helmet interfaces with the head through a block of thermoelectric modules (TEM) to facilitate cooling. The mathematical model developed for this research addresses three critical components (i) temperature field calculation, (ii) TEM parameter optimization, and (iii) heat dissipation system. The outcomes of this mathematical modeling endeavor yield temperature profiles at key control points within the TED, depicted in spatial and temporal coordinates, contingent upon the supplied TEM power. Furthermore, the study uncovers essential energy parameters for the thermomodules, encompassing their particular types sourced from the standard TEM selections offered by “Cryoterm” LLC, the manufacturer. Notably, the theoretical investigation into TEDs for brain cooling unveils a pragmatic remedy. The integration of two typical DRIFT-0.8 TEMs from the specified manufacturer within the TED design demonstrates the capacity to reduce brain temperature to 291 K. The characteristics of these TEMs display variation within predefined thresholds, with power outputs spanning from 20 to 80 W, an average temperature difference of 50 K across junctions, supply currents ranging from 3 to 11 A, and power consumption levels ranging from 100 to 500 W. These attributes are complemented by coefficient of performance values ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. This research not only sheds light on the feasibility of employing thermoelectric devices for brain cooling but also lays the foundation for addressing cerebral hyperthermia and advancing neuroprotection applications across various clinical and non-clinical contexts.

Abstract The purpose of the study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative cargo fastening system using aramid fasteners to improve the safety and stability of cargo transportation. The research methodology included the analysis of existing solutions, the development of conceptual models, mathematical calculations, and the modelling of the system using three-dimensional models. In addition, this study paid special attention to the choice of fastening materials, such as aramid fibre, and analysed the strength characteristics of fasteners to ensure maximum safety of cargo transportation. As a result of the work conducted, an innovative cargo and object fixation system was created, which provides a high level of protection and safety for the cargo, allowing it to avoid damage and emergency situations during transportation. Notably, this system is able to effectively distribute the load and reduce the impact of inertial forces, ensuring stability and reliability during the transportation of goods of various types and sizes. An additional substantial advantage of this innovative solution is its versatility, which allows its successful use in various scenarios and conditions. The technical solution created is suitable for moving both light and heavy loads and can be effectively applied to various types of vehicles. Copyright: © 2025 Nadezhda Dolzhenko, Gulnar Imasheva, Assel Berkesheva, Olga Garmash, and Tasbulat Beketov. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license.

The theoretical possibilities of increasing the resolution and sensitivity of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal ion injection are considered. The effects are achieved by using inhomogeneous electrostatic fields of special configurations both in the accelerating and focusing parts of the device – a cylindrical immersion objective and a transaxial mirror, respectively. It is shown that the use of an inhomogeneous cylindrical field of a special configuration as an ion accelerator opens up the possibility of a multiple reduction in the energy spread of ions in injected ion packets, associated with the so-called "turnaround time" and, therefore, a significant (two or more times) increase in the limiting resolution of the mass spectrometer. The use of a transaxial electrostatic mirror as a time-of-flight mass analyzer makes it possible to significantly increase the sensitivity of the mass-spectrometer due to the implementation of triple space-time-of-flight focusing of ion packets. Key features include reduced ion energy spread, increased maximum resolution, and improved sensitivity due to triple focusing in space and time of flight. This research lays the foundation for expanding the capabilities of time-of-flight mass spectrometry, providing a more efficient and powerful tool for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. The effects are achieved by using inhomogeneous electrostatic fields of a special configuration in both the accelerating and focusing parts of the device – a cylindrical immersion lens and a transaxial mirror, respectively. Numerical calculations of the system – a four-electrode cylindrical immersion lens in combination with a three-electrode transaxial mirror – are presented, which confirm the conclusions of the theory

The article presents the results of assessing impact of ash dumps on the natural environment under conditions of burning coal from the Ekibastuz deposit in Kazakhstan. It is shown that in the area of ash storage facility at Ekibastuz SDPP-2 and in the Almaty region, as a result of activities of three thermal power plants, huge amounts of ash dumps have been accumulated and significantly pollute the environment. Possibilities of obtaining popular building materials from them have been determined. The relevance and significance of this problem is enhanced by fact that manmade waste from thermal power plants is insufficiently processed while current ash waste accumulates and occupies huge areas, which withdraws them from land use. Utilization of ash dumps makes it possible to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment and ensures the rational use of secondary raw materials. Possibility of obtaining agloporite from the ash of Ekibastuz coal used by the thermal power plant of Almaty is studied. The chemical and granulometric composition of ash and slag is determined. X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses are performed. The analysis of chemical composition of Ekibastuz ash describes the composition of the mineral substances of coal. The main components are silicon and aluminum oxides, and a large amount of iron oxide is also present. Knowledge of the chemical composition of ash is necessary to decide on the possibility of using it to obtain building materials. Thus, all studies conducted have shown the possibility of using ash and slag waste as secondary raw materials in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment.

Abstract Relevance. Currently, the standardization at the international level has reached a high stage in the aviation industry. The high requirements for standardization of airfreight refer to the safety and punctuality of air travel. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to modernize and improve the technology of consolidation of dangerous goods into fire-resistant unit load device containers, which will reduce the risk of fire spread, and enable the crew to make a landing in the event of an incident. Methodology. The basis of the methodological approach in this study is a combination of system analysis of the main areas of the introduction of fire-resistant containers in modern air transport, with an analytical investigation Suggested Citation: Imasheva G, Assilbekova I, Konakbay Z, Berkesheva A, Mambetalin D. Introduction of fire-resistant containers into airfreight. of the main areas of modernization of fire-resistant containers intended for the transportation of dangerous goods, which in the future will contribute to a significant reduction in the risks of fires during air transportation and other emergencies that may cause forced landings of air transport. Results. It was determined that the use of fire-resistant containers reduces fuel costs and environmental improvements by minimizing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Conclusions. Thus, the developers of modern refractory materials used in the manufacture of air cargo containers have broad prospects. In addition, the use of such containers will improve working conditions due to their environmental friendliness. © 2023 Uzhhorod National University. All rights reserved.

Abstract In this article, the definition of the current density field at current collection was reduced only to the calculation of the thermal (resistive) action of the electric current. These procedures must include consideration of the bending stiffness of the contact wires to calculate the distribution of the pressing force on the contact wire between the current collecting plates. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing methods for calculating the dynamics of mechanical interaction of the current collector with the chain suspension. As a result of computer modeling in the Comsol Multiphysics software package, the volumetric power density of resistive heating from the intrinsic resistance of the contact wire was determined. © 2024 Seidulla Abdullayev, et al.

Актуальность указанной тематики для данного научного исследования, определяется наличием вопросов выявления оптимальных тенденций развития транспортной инфраструктуры Республики Казахстан, с учётом эффективности капиталовложений в растущей потенциал транзитной составляющей и соотношением видов транспорта в инфраструктурных узлах. Целью данной научно-аналитической работы, является комплексная оценка повышения потенциала и эффективности международного грузового транзита в Казахстане за счет развития транспортной инфраструктуры и её соизмерение с обоснованными потенциальными капиталовложениями для реорганизации и развития инфраструктурных узлов с применениями различных видов транспортных систем. Базовым методом данной научно-аналитической работы является системный анализ существующей транспортной инфраструктуры Индокитайского региона с привязкой к транзитному потоку европейского направления, в который интегрирован метод прогнозирования с целью определения общих тенденций развития инфраструктуры оптимальных для конкретного промежутка времени. Основными результатами данной научно-аналитической работы, является выявление групп ключевых критериев, которые определяют нынешние состояние потенциала и эффективности инфраструктуры, в развитии которых имеются рациональные возможности как для отдельных направлений, так и транспортной инфраструктуры в целом, обращая особое внимание на свою ценность при составлении стратегий и формировании планов повышения потенциала и эффективности международного грузового транзита в Республике Казахстан. Информация, поданная в данной научно-аналитической работе, имеет интерес для широкого круга читателей, представляя ценность как в развитии бизнес-направлений, которые стремиться к возможностям от развития транспортной инфраструктуры, так и государственной системе планирования, представляя особый интерес по причине актуальности геополитического расположения Республики Казахстан.

Abstract Purpose. Quantitative assessment of the impact of the level of digital integration of participants in the raw materials logistics cluster of Kazakhstan on the stability and controllability of iron ore supply chains based on hybrid modelling. Methodology. The research methodology is based on hybrid simulation modelling, combining multi-agent modelling (MAS) and system dynamics (SD) to describe the functioning of a raw materials logistics cluster. The model with a discrete time step of one day simulates the behaviour of the mines, transport operator and metallurgical enterprise, as well as the dynamics of supplies, inventories and order formation based on the base-stock policy. The level of digital integration is set by a scalar parameter that affects information lags, correlation of failures and coordination of participants' decisions. Findings. It is shown that an increase in the level of digital integration in the considered operating modes of the system leads to a decrease in the standard deviation of total daily supplies and a decrease in the probability of shortages. A significant weakening of the bullwhip effect has been established: the ratio of supply variation to demand variation decreases by more than half - from 4.6 to 2.1. The nonlinear threshold nature of the influence of digital integration on the dynamic stability of the system has been revealed, which manifests itself in the dependence of the time of inventory restoration on the level of digitalization and the mode of operation of the logistics system. Originality. A hybrid SD + MAS model has been developed, calibrated on a real raw material logistics cluster in Kazakhstan, and the threshold nature of the impact of digital integration on the sustainability and controllability of raw material supply chains has been identified. Practical value. The developed model allows one to assess the consequences of the introduction of cluster digital platforms, considering the operating mode of the logistics system and the large-scale parameters of the raw materials cluster. When planning the digitalization of raw materials logistics clusters, it is necessary to consider not only the target level of information systems integration, but also the current operational state of the supply chain, including capacity utilization levels, inventory structure and system sensitivity to information lags. © Bekzhanova S. E., Imasheva G. M., Issina B. M., Mukhametzhanova A. V., Lytvyn V. V., 2026

Abstract The object of the study is the onboard diagnostic process in CubeSat nanosatellite systems, with particular emphasis on fault detection based on real-time analysis of multivariate telemetry data under real-time embedded operating conditions. The problem statement is the gap between the relatively low computational expenses and predictability of classical FDIR approaches and their limited ability to detect complex anomalies, and, conversely, the greater anomaly sensitivity and lower embedded performance of machine-learning models. A hybrid onboard diagnostic architecture that integrates telemetry acquisition, telemetry preprocessing, statistical feature extraction, a deterministic FDIR branch, a lightweight machine-learning branch, and decision fusion into one onboard diagnostics session has been elaborated. The proposed hybrid onboard diagnostic architecture has been evaluated based on hardware-in-the-loop testing using representative telemetry and fault cases for CubeSat systems. The evaluation metrics were the fault-detection accuracy, the detection latency, the CPU consumption, the memory consumption, and the resistance to telemetry noise. The hybrid onboard diagnostic architecture was compared to the conventional threshold-based FDIR system and standalone machine learning algorithms under the same HIL conditions. In the reported experiment setup, the proposed hybrid onboard diagnostic architecture demonstrated the fault-detection accuracy of 94%, while the classical FDIR method provided 71%, and the standalone machine-learning approach provided 88%. The average detection latency was decreased to 83 ms, in contrast to 120 ms and 95 ms, respectively. The embedded solution requires only 17.6% CPU and 58 KB of memory. Under the highest telemetry-noise level, the fault-detection accuracy of the proposed hybrid onboard diagnostic architecture decreases to 80%, whereas the standalone machine-learning and the classical FDIR baselines provide only 65% and 43% fault-detection accuracy, respectively. Copyright © 2026, Authors.

Bentonite materials are widely utilized across various industries due to their unique physicochemical properties. This study presents a qualitative and comparative analysis of mineral substances derived from ben tonite clay deposits in East Kazakhstan. The montmorillonite content in the samples ranges from 75.5% to 88%, with adsorption capacity (determined by the methylene blue method) varying between 119 and 204 mg/g. The pH of the samples lies within the range of 7 to 10. FTIR and XRF analyses confirmed the presence of major components such as silicon and aluminum oxides, while X-ray diffraction identified montmorillonite as the dominant crystalline phase. Textural characterization revealed specific surface areas of 94–104 m²/g, pore volumes of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g, and pore sizes between 0.8 and 1.04 nm. SEM analysis demonstrated a flaky, layered, and porous morphology typical of bentonite. Based on these properties, the bentonite samples exhibit strong potential for industrial use. They are applicable in oil production (as components of drilling fluids) and construction (as insulating and sealing agents). Additionally, their high sorption capacity makes them promising candidates for pharmaceutical applications, particularly as carriers in topical formulations such as ointments and pastes for wound healing and inflammatory skin conditions.