This study focuses on assessing the stress-strain state of rock masses in structurally heterogeneous ore deposits of Kyrgyzstan. The primary objectives include identifying stress distribution patterns with depth, analyzing the impact of tec-tonic faults, and establishing the relationship between the elastic properties of rocks and their strength parameters. A compre-hensive methodological approach is employed, including in-situ stress measurements using the overcoring technique to deter-mine principal normal stresses at various depths, laboratory tests to evaluate elastic wave velocities, Young’s and shear modu-lus, and statistical analysis to derive regression relationships. Furthermore, the orientation of principal stresses is reconstructed, and the influence of tectonic discontinuities on the stress field within the rock mass is evaluated. The results indicate that verti-cal stresses in the rock mass approximately correspond to the overburden pressure, expressed as γH. Regression models ob-tained for competent and moderately strong rocks confirm that the experimental data lies between the values predicted by N. Hast’s relationships and those derived from hydrostatic stress distribution. The analysis of elastic properties reveals a high degree of anisotropy, where variations in P-wave velocity strongly correlate with changes in Young’s and shear moduli. The practical significance of this research lies in its contribution to developing more accurate predictive models for the stress-strain behavior of ore-bearing rock masses, thereby enhancing the design of underground excavations.

One of the important environmental problems of Kazakhstan is the insufficient quality of natural and wastewater treatment, the reason for which is the lack of the main, mandatory reagent in water purification technology –coagulant.Alu-minum-containing natural and man-made raw materialscan be comprehensively processed in order to obtain modified mixed reagents-coagulants. One of the promising types of raw materials on the territory of Kazakhstan for the production of coagu-lants are substandard bauxites of the Krasnooktyabrsky deposit.This article presents a fundamentally new approach to the development of a technology for producing an effective coagulant with high coagulating properties in a wide pH range –a mixed sulfate aluminum-iron-silica coagulant (MSAISC) –when decomposing Red October bauxite with sulfuric acid with maximum extraction of aluminum, iron and silicon into a paste-like phase.Such a composition of the coagulant, called by us MSAISC (mixed sulfate aluminum-iron-silica coagulant) allows you to expand the range of action both in temperature and pH of the medium. In this sense, silicon coagulant, as well as modern aluminum polyoxychlorides, can be used without flocculant.The simultaneous presence of aluminum, iron and silicon salts in the composition of the coagulant makes it possible to com-bine the properties of «three in one».

An economical and environmentally advantageous two stages method with efficient recovery of pure lead-free zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust in parallel with clinker containing iron and carbon production for easy return to the iron smelting furnace was described. At the first stage, theelectric arc furnace dust was mixed with a mixture of chloride salts and sintered at various temperatures to lead removing. In the second stage, the clinker after the first sintering stage was mixed with carbonaceous agent and sintered again to obtain pure lead-free zinc oxide. The clinker after the second sintering stage, containing iron and carbon, can be sent to the main iron production. Laboratory-scale measurements with electric arc furnace dust from one of the Kazakhstan metallurgical ferrous plants show that process allows receive lead-free zinc oxide with the total impurity content is 0.06–0.07 mass%, and the lead content is 0.001 mass%. Based on the laboratory studies carried out, a technological scheme for the two-stage processing of electric arc dust was developed to produce marketable products. The environmental benefit of the method is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment associated with the recycling of electric arc furnace dust. In addition, the process allows to recycle production waste and reduce the consumption of natural resources.

Used automotive catalysts are a valuable source of rare and precious metals, which plays a key role in modern industry. These raw materials contain rare rare earths and precious metals, which makes their processing highly efficient andeconomically profitable. To develop a comprehensive processing technology, catalysts were studied using various analysis methods, such as chemical, X-ray, X-ray spectral, and electron microscopic analysis.The results of the phase analysis indicate that rare rare earths and noble metals are in various phase states, in the form of oxides embedded in the aluminosilicate matrix of the catalyst. These data are of critical importance for the creation of effective methods of metal extraction. The key ap-proaches for processing these raw materials are pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies, each of which has its own advantages and unique performance criteria.This article focuses on the physico-chemical studies of spent catalysts and the proposed method of their opening, which makes it possible to efficiently extract rare, rare-earth and precious metals. The research results can be used to optimize existing and develop new technological schemes for processing secondary raw materials.

This study investigates the effect of zirconium on the superplastic properties of titanium alloys at various tem-peratures and strain rates. It has been established that zirconium significantly influences the strain rate sensitivity coefficient (m), mechanical stability, and plasticity. At elevated temperatures, zirconium-containing alloys exhibit a stable m-value within a specific strain rate range, followed by a sharp decline. In contrast, zirconium-free alloys show a gradual decrease in m as the strain rate increases. The optimal temperature-strain rate conditions for superplastic deformation depend on zirconium content. Alloys with lower zirconium concentrations demonstrate high plasticity at moderate temperatures and intermediate strain rates, whereas alloys with higher zirconium content require lower strain rates to achieve uniform deformation. Beyond a certain threshold, an increase in zirconium content results in reduced plasticity and strain localization. Additionally, zirconium in-creases flow stress, while higher temperatures contribute to its reduction; however, this is accompanied by grain coarsening,which negatively affects mechanical properties. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed that after superplastic deformation, all investigated alloys develop a fine-grained structure consisting of equiaxed α-and β-grains. The average grain size increases compared to the initial state, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization processes. The results confirm the feasibility of using these titanium alloys in superplastic forming technologies. The identified correlations provide a basis for optimizing thermomechanical processing parameters to achieve a balance between high plasticity and me-chanical stability, which is crucial for industrial applications.

This study presents the methodology, approach, and results of calculating the components of water and salt bal-ances based on three years of field research on the reuse of collector-drainage water in theTasmurun area of the Bakbakty irrigation system, under arid and low-water conditions typical for water-demanding rice fields. Balance calculations were based on data from in situobservations with active involvement of local farmers, ensuring data reliability. The water balance showed a slightnegative discrepancy ranging from 0.4-0.6% in 2022 and 0.001-0.02% in 2023-2024, confirmed by groundwa-ter level monitoring and maps. The salt balance showed a slight accumulation, with values from +0.016 to +0.29 t/ha in field No. 2 and +0.049 to +0.089 t/ha in field No. 4. Seasonal salt increases were linked to leaching regimes and the dominance of easily soluble salts, posing no threat to land reclamation status.

The whole world aims to reducecoal consumption, but despite such a policy,there are countries where its con-sumption continues to grow (China, India). If coal consumption grows, the volume of ash and slag waste (materials) that must be utilized and processed to obtain final products grows. The main elements included in the by-product of coal combustion are SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. The paper provides a review of the use and processing of ash and slag materials for recycling as well as potential directions for their disposal: as well as potential directions for their disposal: cement production, geopolymer, in zeolite synthesis, microsphere separation, in agriculture, in land reclamation, in phytoremediation as reagents for water purifi-cation, in road construction for backfilling abandoned mines. The authors employed physicochemical analysis methods to confirm that the primary components of the material are SiO2(65.9%) and Al2O3(22.5%). It has been established that a high proportion of silicon and aluminum can be an effective raw material for construction and geopolymer materials, as well as in the production of ceramic products. Availability of Fe2O3(5.54%) suggests possibilities for its use in catalytic processes and pigment production. The alkaline reaction of the aqueous extract of the ash (pH=9.25) correlates well with its chemical com-position and confirms the presence of active alkaline components in the material. This alkaline nature of the ash favors geopol-ymerization processes and increases the material's reactivitywhen interacting with acidic activators. Additionally, the minor presence of TiO2(1.11%) may improve themechanical properties of ash-based materials.

Ventilation for underground mines plays an essential role in production activities by ensuring labor safety and maintaining environmental conditions. Mine ventilation is also one of the most effective methods for preventing methane gas and coal dust explosions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the ventilation network annually and calculate the overall ventilation requirements for underground mines in the Quang Ninh coalfield. Based on the production plan and ventilation needs of the Khe Cham Coal Mine, the authors surveyed and evaluated the mine ventilation network, thereby proposing solu-tions to improve the ventilation system and calculating the ventilation parameters for 2025. To achieve the research results presented in this article, the authors used methods such as data collection, analysis and synthesis, field surveys, result analysis and evaluation, combined with numerical modeling using ventilation software to verify calculation results. To ensure ventila-tion for Khe Cham Coal Mine in 2025, two main fan stations –No1 at level +35 and No2 at level +112 should be operated joint-ly, with the following calculated working modes: fan station No1 at level +35: airflow of 193.72 m³/s, air pressure of 448 mmH₂O, impeller angle of 40°; fan station No2 at level +112: airflow of 155.8 m³/s, air pressure of 419.5 mmH₂O, impeller angle of 35°. Based on the analysis of data collected at the Khe Cham Coal Mine, the paper assesses the overall ventilation status of the mine. It proposes solutions to improve the ventilation network, ensuring safety during production activities. Addi-tionally, it determines the combined working mode of the two main fan stations, providing a foundation for developing the general ventilation plan for Khe Cham Coal Mine in 2025.

This paper presents the results of a study of the strengthening of iron ore raw materials obtained by oxidative roasting of granules and pellets using gaseous fuel and agglomeration with combustion of solid fuel in the agglomeration layer. Differences in the mechanisms of mineral formation of granules, pellets and agglomeratesappear at the stage of liquid-phase strengthening and are due to the different role of iron in formingthe strengthening melt. At the same time, in the agglomerate, granules and pellets, iron is in different valence states, affecting the processes' features. Iron can be in a trivalent state in the iron-silicate melt of granules and pelletsand is not a silicate-forming component of the charge. The silicate compositions of the binders in the entire studied range of basicities (0.3-1.5) are located along the line of the CaO–SiO2connection, which is de-termined using the phase diagram of the CaO–Fe2O3–SiO2system. During agglomeration, the silicon-containing melt is formed under conditions of excess FeO, which directs the process of mineral formation during the creation of the iron-silicate binder of the agglomerate. Under standard agglomeration conditions, silicate binders with a basicity of 1.0-1.5 are formed in the olivine field of the CaO–FeO–SiO2phase diagram, covering a wide range of compositions. The processes of mineral for-mation in batches, by hardened methods, both during the firing of granules, pellets, and during agglomeration, have shown that changing the oxidation potential of the gas phase is an effective lever on the path not only to improving the properties of fer-rous sand -a waste product of alumina production, but also to creating both new binders and new types of iron ore raw materi-als suitable for smelting ferrosilicon.

The article discusses the prospects for developinglithium-ion batteries, emphasizinglithium-enriched transition metal oxides used as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The primaryfocus is on materials with the formula xLi₂MnO₃⋅(1−x)LiMO₂ (where M=Mn, Ni, and Co) that exhibit high discharge capacity (over 250 mAh/g) and specific energy (over 950 Wh/kg), surpassing traditional cathode materials such as LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, and LiFePO₄. These oxides combine the monoclinic phase of Li₂MnO₃ and the trigonal phase of LiMO₂, which ensures their high performance. However, the authors note severalproblems, including low speed characteristics, irreversible capacity of the first cycle, and degradation of voltage and capacity during cycling. These problems are linked to the creation of spinel-like structures, unwanted reactions at the sur-face with the electrolyte, and the release of oxygen. The authors propose modification methods like protective coatings, alloy-ing, and the creation of composite structures to enhance the characteristics. The article also includes an overview of other common cathode materials such as LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiNiO₂ and their combinations, highlighting their advantages and limita-tions. Special attention is paid to promising materials, including LiNi₁/₃Co₁/₃Mn₁/₃O₂ and LiFePO₄, which have balanced elec-trochemical and economic properties. It was also emphasised that further research is needed to understand the degradation mechanismsand optimise the structure of lithium-enriched oxides. Resolving these issues can help create better and more reliable cathode materials for LIB, which is crucial for advancing electric vehicles and other energy-intensivetechnologies.