Space technologies, which provide the capability for remote sensing of the Earth, including monitoring of vege-tation conditions, are now an integral part of agricultural monitoring. One of the main tools for monitoring studies is the imag-ing equipment of the Landsat spacecraft. Optical-electronic satellite imaging is performed in different spectral bands. The Landsat series of satellites has a long time series of archived data with a reference accuracy of medium spatial resolution.This paper proposes an integrated approach using remote sensing and GIS techniques to study the influence of hydrogeological conditions of irrigated massifs on crop yields. Landsat-8 space images for the period 2013-2021 were used as remote sensing data to study the influence of soil salinity, groundwater level and salinity on raw cotton yields in the Mactaaral irrigationarray plots of Turkestan Province. To assess the influence of these factors, spectral vegetation indices, salinity indices and water indices were calculated and analysed. The index images obtained made it possible to identify differences in raw cotton yieldsin plots with favourable ameliorative conditions. Using spectral vegetation indices, it was possible to identify zones with the most active cotton growth, as well as areas with low yields, which may be related to soil salinity and insufficient groundwater levels. High soil salinity and high groundwater salinity negatively affect the yield of raw cotton.Thus, theanalysis of spectral vegetation indices, salinity indices and water indices makes it possible to determine more precisely the factors affecting crop yields and to take the necessary measures to increase yields in areas with unfavourable conditions.Crimedetermination aspects in the Far East Federal region are discovered considering socioeconomic situation, complex of negative demographic and so-cio-economic factors that lead to significant decrease of gainfully employed population and relevance of labor migration. The research objective is to uncover the problems of drug abuse crime in the Far East Federal Region. Objectives: to study and analyze the statistics of demographic and migration processes in this region, to show the consequences of violating migration rules, their impact on increasing the rate of drug abuse crime.

The study and identification of regularities of geological and paleogeographic development of Central Kazakh-stan in the Cenozoic is fundamentally important for understanding the geological processes of Eurasia as a whole, as they were reflected in the marine and continental landscapes of theadjacent regions of Western Kazakhstan, Central Asia and Western Siberia. Practically from the beginning of the Cenozoic, a continental mode of sedimentation was established here, with land-scapes of denudation plains and low highlands. Organic remains make it possible to dissect the Cenozoic continental strata and reconstruct the stages of landscape development from typically tropical and subtropical in the Paleocene and Eocene to steppeand savannah landscapes by the beginning of the Quaternary. The GooseFlight fauna locality is a stratotype of the Pliocene Pavlodar Formation. It is one of the largest localities of Miocene Hipparion fauna of Eurasia, located in the north-eastern part of Central Kazakhstan, on the Irtysh River, within the city limits of Pavlodar. The location «Goose flight»is comparable to such widely known localities of Hipparion fauna as Taralyk-Cher and Kholu (Russia, Tuva), Baode fauna in Shansi province in China, Grebeniki and Berislavsky in Ukraine, Taraclia in Moldova. The locality needs protection and defence as it is de-stroyed due to erosion of the banks of the Irtysh River and uncontrolled sampling. The article provides a description of the Pavlodar Formation sediments, its geological and palynological characteristics, as well as the history of the study of the Goose Flight locality, the most complete list of fossils, gives their environmental characteristics and concludes on the conditionsof accumulation of the Pavlodar Formation strata.

A technology for bacterial iron oxidation in the process of in-situ leaching of uranium has been developed and proposed for industrial use. The technology was validated by the results of pilottests conducted at a uranium deposit in Ka-zakhstan over a period of 12 months. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for bacterial iron oxidation in the pro-cess of in-situ uranium leaching using a new type of flow bioreactor. Two biotechnological installations with bioreactors of 20 m³ volume were created and installed in 40-foot containers. The bioreactors, equipped with piping, air compressors, a pumping station, and control and measuring instruments, were installed at the geotechnical site and connected to the main in-situ urani-um leaching system through wells. The installations had a productivity of over 150,000 m³/year for the leaching solution. After passing through the bioreactors, the redox potential of the solution increased from 360 mV to 430-450 mV in flow mode. The concentration of ferric iron increased from 0.1 g/L to 1.5 g/L and higher. The bacterial iron oxidation process was carried out at a solution temperature of 10 to 12°C (optimal temperature —25-35°C), which allowed eliminating the costs of heating the solution.The test results showed an increase in uranium content in the productive solution by 10-20% after the leaching solu-tion passed through the ore-bearing layer for 1 month. This confirmed the prospects for using this technology for in-situ well uranium leaching. The economic costs of using the technology are 6-8 times lower compared to using chemical oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide. The obtained industrial results open new prospects for the application of biotechnological methods for in-situ well leaching of uranium and other metals for the first time.

The article examines the features of the microstructure of a new type of silicon film, based on a previously un-studied form of nanosilicon, obtained by magnetron sputtering. Microstructural analysis was carried out using a Jeol JSM-6490LA scanning electron microscope, a JEM2100 transmission electron microscope, and a Ntegra atomic force microscope (AFM) Therma. Raman spectroscopic analysis of silicon films was carried out on a Horiba system Jobin –Yvon HR800UV (France). It has been established that the new form of nanosilicon under the studied conditions for obtaining silicon films is represented by fibers with a diameter of 10 to 150 nm. From a microstructural point of view, a silicon film, when a significant proportion of a new type of nanosilicon is formed in the film composition, acquires a porous cellular structure resulting from the interweaving of silicon nanofibers. The cells have an elongated oval shape with a width and length of about 1 and 3 μm, respectively. The obtained microphotographs are compared with similar data obtained when creating thin silicon films, which contain various polymorphic modifications of silicon in order to further classify the visual display of polymorphism and non-ideality of silicon nanostructures.

For processing of low-quality bauxite, it is impossible to use the most simple and economical Bayer hydroalkali method. In spite of the fact that there are various hydrochemical methods allowing to use substandard alumina-containing raw materials the problem of technology improvement is actual. In this work we investigated the possibility of processing kaolinite fraction of bauxite by hydrochemical method, by improving it through preliminary chemical activation and use of active form of calcium oxide during leaching in high-modulus recycled aluminate solution. The developed technology allows to extract aluminum into solution with high efficiency, to regenerate recycled leaching solutions and to obtain waste sludge suitable for construction. Preliminary chemical activation of fine crystalline fraction by thermochemical treatment in sodium hydrogen carbonatesolution at elevated pressure allowed to transform the initial phase composition, eliminate the kaolinite phase, which is difficult to detect by hydrochemical method. The developed method of obtaining the active form of calcium oxide by CaO quenching in Na2SO4solution at elevated temperature and pressure made it possible to carry out hydrochemical stripping of fine crystalline fraction in one stage. The conducted studies have shown the possibility of effective processing of kaolinitefraction of gibbsite-kaolinite bauxite by hydrochemical method by leaching in high-modulus aluminate solution with addition of active form of calcium oxide, after changing the initial phase composition by the method of preliminary chemical activation in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.

Today, such important geological phenomena as the existence of planetary eras and phases of folding, on the one hand, rifting, on the other, periodic manifestations of effusive and intrusive magmatism, marine and continental sedimentation, soda and potassium metamorphism, femic and salic metallogeny are not explained by either fixist or mobilist concepts. All these forces geologists to look forother hypotheses and, first of all, turn to the hypothesis of an expanding and pulsating Earth, explaining many geological phenomena that arise before modern geology, and the very concept of an expanding and pulsating Earth fits into the general picture of the development of the substance of the Universe (matter) from the general point of view of cosmology and dialectical philosophy.It is important to emphasize the deeply dialectical nature of the very understanding of matter, associated with the idea ofthe diversity of its forms of motion, which are in a certain relation to each other. Recently, science has discovered many new forms of motion of matter in the microcosm: the movement and transformation of elemen-tary particles, processes in atomic nuclei, as well as geological processes on planets with the formation of geological bodies (minerals, rocks, geological formations, geospheres). And with t o h n and k o m of the development of matter in general and material bodies in particular is the interactionbetween gravity and energy. Mathematically, A. Einstein expressed this by the formula E=mc2or E-mc2= 0. Currently, the development of matter is dominated by energy over gravity E-mc2>0. It is the predominance of energy over gravity that is the driving force in the development of matter in general and material bodies in particular. The source of energy is thermonuclear processes: hydrogen, helium and other chemical elements are formed in the stars; geological bodies are formed on the planets –minerals, rocks, geological formations and geospheres due to their own material, i.e. they grow (expand). And any processes in material bodies due to their spatial movement in space relative to each other occur cyclically by pulsations, because with the spatial movement of material bodies in their orbits of motion, they ap-proach, then move away relative to the center of their orbits of motion with changes in the magnitude of gravity. In this con-nection, all processes in the development of matter as a whole and material bodies occur by pulsations with general growth or expansion due to their own matter.

The work is devoted to the study of an additional method for the synthesis of monoethylnaphthols by the reac-tion of transethylation of 1-naphthol with ethyl-and diethylnaphthalene, which are by-products of alkylation of 1-naphthol with ethanol and has a small area of application.In the catalytic process carried out in the presence of modified H-mordenite based on 1-naphthol and ethanol, along with the target products (1-ethoxynaphthalene, monoethyl-1-naphthols), up to 10.0% ethyl homologues of naphthalene are obtained. In this regard, the interaction of 1-naphthol with diethylnaphthalenes in the presence of Pd-HSVM and composite mordenite was studied, the effect of pressure on the process, which was identi-fied as an important factor, was studied. In the presence of 1.0 wt % palladium pentasil (x=40), a positive effect of a pres-sure of 0.5 MPa on the results was noted, the selectivity for monoethyl-1-naphthols was 85.0%, and in the presence of H-mordenite containing zirconium, chromium and sulfur, this indicator was 94.3% under the same conditions. An increase in pressure adversely affects the course of the reaction and increases the rate of other transformations in the process, such as isomerization and disproportionation.

EngineeringJournal of SatbayevUniversity Volume146(2024),Issue6,39-46© 2024. V. Zhaimina, S. Mustapayeva, G. Omarovazhaimina@mail.ru; s.mustapayeva@satbayev.university; omarova_gulnara@mail.ruEngineeringJournal ofSatbayev University.eISSN 2959-2348. Published by Satbayev UniversityThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.39https://doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2024.i6.06New data on the study of Serpukhov deposits of the Beleuti sectionV.Zhaimina1, S.Mustapayeva2, G.Omarova2*1Institute of Geological Sciences named after K. Satpayev,Almaty,Kazakhstan2SatbayevUniversity,Almaty,Kazakhstan*Corresponding author: omarova_gulnara@mail.ruAbstract. A working group of the International Subcommittee on Carboniferous Stratigraphy is working to determine the boundary of the Vise and Serpukhov stages. Comprehensive work was carried out with the aim of biostratigraphic substantia-tion of the most important boundaries of the Lower Carboniferous, including such priority boundaries as: Vise and Serpukhov, as well as studying the horizons of Vise and Serpukhov by conodonts, ammonoids and comparing them with foraminifera scales for international correlation of Kazakhstani divisions. The upper boundary of the Visean stage is adopted in the parastra-totype in France. The border has not been studied enough. One of the best sections of the boundarydeposits of the Vise and Serpukhov stages in Kazakhstan is the Beleuta section of the Zhezkazgan-Chu district. Geologists have been interested in Zhezkazgan-Chu district since the 18th century. One of the most studied sections is located on the Beleuty River near the con-fluence of the Sholaksai River in Zhezkazgan district in the Sholak mulda, it was described in the middle reaches of the Beleu-ta River on the right bank. The article presents the results of field paleontological and biostratigraphic work carried out in the Ulutau region (Central Kazakhstan). The purpose of these field works was to study the sections of the boundary sediments of the Vise and Serpukhov stages of the Lower carboniferous in order to clarify the correlation of regional stratigraphic units with units of the international stratigraphic scale, to substantiate the lower boundary of the Serpukhov carboniferous stage according to orthostratigraphic groups of fauna using modern methods. To achieve this goal, stratotypic sections were discovered and identified, their coordinates were established, boundary sediment layers were measured and described, lithological and paleon-tological work was carried out (including samples for fauna), spectrometric gamma-ray logging was carried out, organic re-mains, including foraminifera, were identified and described.

The article is devoted tothe current problem of the industrial townTekeliof theZhetysu Region,the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the area of operation the Tekeli mining and processing complex, based on TMPC LLP, where widespread pol-lution of water resources is observed. The main pollutant of its water basin is industrial waste of the operating enterprise locat-ed on the sites of the mining and processing complex.The water of the Karatal River is under intense pressure from the toxic components of the mining industry, which is located in the zone of the densest river network. This co-arrangement contributes to the fact that substances with gaseous, liquid and solid waste inevitably enter the river network. As a result, the nature of the deterioration in surface water quality in the Zhetysu region is becoming a steady trend.Of significant interestfor the develop-ment of sorption methods for the purification of industrial effluents is the use of aluminosilicates -bentonites, as the most common and cheap. However, in a natural state without activation, they often do not have a high sorption capacity, which entails an increased consumption of them. It became necessary to obtain activatedsorbents with a higher sorption capacity from natural mineral raw materials of aluminosilicates.The purpose of this work is to develop an innovative technology for cleaning industrial effluents from heavy metals using a natural sorbent –bentonite.The authors in the study used bentonite as a sorbent, as the most common and cheapest sorbent in this region. However, in their natural state without activation they often do not have a high sorption capacity, which causes increased consumption. There was a need to obtain activated sorbents with a higher sorption capacity from the natural mineral raw material bentonite for development technologies of advanced treatmentof industrial effluents containing heavy metals (Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+).

This article presents the results of the mechanisms of composite ZrO2-Al2O3ceramics atthe addition of a stabilizing V2O5dopant, a change in the concentration of which results in in grain size enlargement, porosity reduction, and the formation of a substitution Zr(V)O2phase in the structure at dopant concentrations greater than 0.10 M. During the conducted studies it was established that the addition of the V2O5dopant to the composition of composite ZrO2-Al2O3ceramics leads to the enlargement of the ZrO2grains in the Al2O3matrix. Moreover, the enlargement of the ZrO2grains results in porosity reduc-tion, as well as a change in the grains from a spherical shape to an irregular diamond shape, which is analloy of smaller grains, the fusion of which is caused by the thermal effect during the melting of the V2O5oxide. Moreover, if the concentration of the stabilizing V2O5dopant in the composition of ceramics grows by more than 0.1 M, this leads to the formation of a finely dis-persed fraction of V2O5with an orthorhombic type of crystal lattice in the structure, the weight contribution of which is within 4-9% depending on the stabilizing dopant concentration. The formation of the partial substitution phase of Zr(V)O2observed at concentrations of the V2O5dopant in the composition of ceramics above 0.1 M is due to the effects of thermal melting of vana-dium oxide, which results in the initialization of grain coarsening processes due to sintering, as well as partial substitution of zirconium ions by vanadium ions in the composition of the monoclinic phase.