In this work, the task was to investigate the processes of microstructure change occurring in relatively large bulk bars under the action of large plastic deformations. Such large levels of deformation are usually achievable in high pressure twisting of small flat disks, but are difficult to achieve in large bulk bars. The method of radial shear rolling makes it possible to achieve comparable ultrahigh degrees of deformation (~ 45 mm/mm) in combination with the vortex flow of the metal. Sequential rolling of the E110 zirconium alloy was carried out under extreme conditions on 2 radial shear rolling mills with a total reduction in diameter ε = 185% and a maximum accumulated deformation = 46 mm/mm. To assess the level of deformation and its distribution over the section, FEM modeling was carried out in Deform-3D. The resulting structure was studied by electron microscopy (TEM/SEM). A detailed cross-sectional study of the EBSD structure was performed with a resolution of 1 mm. A gradient structure with a predominance of an equiaxed ultrafine-grained structure was found, which was not very pronounced compared to the use of smaller deformations.

Expansion of the fields of application of molybdenum and its compounds of high purity requires the study of their various purification methods. The paper considers low-temperature chlorination of technical molybdenum dioxide, purification of the gas mixture from impurities in the filter system, condensation and dissolution of purified molybdenum oxychloride compounds in water. On filters made of tableted sodium chloride, gaseous molybdenum dioxide is purified from aluminum, iron, chromium and nickel with the formation of low-volatile compounds. The capture of silicon by this filter was not detected. Purification of tungsten on filters of granular molybdenum oxide practically does not occur. Purified molybdenum oxychloride compounds are desublimated in the form of compact and fluffy products with an underestimated chlorine content relative to the stoichiometric composition of molybdenum dioxide. Compact molybdenum oxychloride compounds dissolve in distilled water with little or no precipitation. When dissolving fluffy compounds of molybdenum, a tangible precipitate is formed, into which a significant part of the impurities passe

The paper presents the results of scientific research, which are the basis for the development of technology for producing high-carbon ferrochrome using a qualitatively new reducing agent in the charge - high-ash coal from the Saryadyr deposit. To analyze the carbothermal reduction of chromium, the method of full thermodynamic modeling (TTM) of metallurgical processes was used, implemented in a computer system using the HSC Chemistry 6 software package, in the temperature range of 600-2800 K. The thermodynamic calculation showed that sharp technological deviations in the smelting of carbonaceous ferrochromium is not observed using high-ash coal, the process proceeds evenly, with complete reduction of chromium and iron. According to the content of silicon oxide and aluminum in coal ash, it was found that it can successfully replace quartzite in the charge mixture. On the basis of thermodynamic data, experimental studies of the technological process of smelting carbonaceous ferrochromium using high-ash coal Saryadyr in the Tamman high-temperature laboratory furnace were carried out. The Tammann Resistance Furnace is a research facility designed to simulate metallurgical processes at high temperatures. In laboratory studies, prototypes of carbon ferrochrome were obtained, which meets the requirements of the Fh800 brand.

The growth in the capacity of enterprises for hot-dip galvanizing of steel products has led to the formation of large volumes of waste, which accumulate and store, occupying large areas. Further use and processing of ash is constrained by the increased content of Pb, Fe, Cu and other impurities in it, as well as the lack of rational processing technology. In this work, based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with chlorinating reagents (CaCl2, NH4Cl), the possibility of obtaining pure zinc in the process of melting the metal component of the ash is shown. It has been established that the values ​​of the Gibbs free energy (∆G°T) of the reactions of interaction of metal-impurities with ammonium chloride in the temperature range 400...550°С are four times higher than the values ​​of ∆G°T of the reactions of interaction of metal-impurities with calcium chloride. It is shown that the use of NH4Cl as a chlorinating reagent destroys the zinc oxide film covering the surface of small drops of metallic zinc and creates favorable conditions for their enlargement. This increases the yield of zinc to the liquid metal. The influence of the consumption of CaCl2 and NH4Cl on the sublimation of lead and iron from a metallic liquid bath of zinc in the form of chlorides has been studied. It was found that when the metal component is melted together with a consumption of 2% NH4Cl based on the weight of the initial sample, the minimum content of lead and iron in liquid zinc is achieved: 0.06% Pb and 0.01% Fe. The optimal technological parameters for melting the metal component of the ash together with NH4Cl were determined: temperature of experiments 450°С; melting time 60 min; consumption of NH4Cl - 2.0% of the weight of the original sample.

This article is devoted to the development of a simulation model for determining the coordinates of air objects based on the GNSS navigation signal reflected from the air object and received on the antenna of the navigation receiver. To solve the problem of radar of aerial objects using bistatic location based on the use of GNSS satellites, it was necessary to pre-evaluate the energy or energy potential of the satellite navigation signal reflected from the aerial object, which then comes to the receiving antenna of the navigation equipment of consumers. The results obtained in the form of the developed computational schemes will form the basis of the algorithmic and software of the passive radar system and will allow determining the requirements for its technical support carried out within the framework of the grant project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. AP09260581. In this paper, simulation modeling is understood as such an approach to modeling complex systems, which allows us to develop a single meta-model that combines into an integral set of models of objects and processes of their interaction based on a single information and event space in a single discrete time scale, and implement the resulting meta-model in an electronically equivalent form on an electronic computer. One of the main tasks of the study of complex radio engineering systems by modeling is the choice of modeling principles that should allow the construction of the simulated system in accordance with the goals and objectives of the study in such a way that the model adequately reflects the processes and patterns of behavior of the system under study with the necessary degree of reliability and detail. One of the most productive methods of developing a software and hardware complex of simulation modeling is object-oriented modeling.

The focus of the article is on the characterization of low-grade Chilisai phosphorites through a comprehensive analysis of their physicochemical properties. The structure of phosphorites of this deposit was studied using modern instrumental methods, including chemical and energy-dispersive analysis, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and mineralogical analysis. According to the results of chemical analysis, the material composition of nodular phosphorites was determined, and the elemental mass composition was determined by the method of energy dispersive analysis. The qualitative composition of low-grade phosphorites was determined by IR-Fourier spectroscopy. The combination of these research methods gave a comprehensive idea of the material composition and quality of the studied samples. This study provides valuable information on the low-grade Chilisai phosphate rock and its suitability for processing into phosphorus-containing products.

The increase in the integrated use of oxidized and mixed copper ores largely depends on the creation of a technology that allows not only to extract copper, but also to obtain marketable products from non-metallic components. The article presents the results of experimental studies of electric melting of leaching tailings of copper oxidized ore of the Almaly deposit containing by weight, %: 70.9 SiO2, 15.9 Al2O3, 2.1 MaO, 2.4 CaO, 3.6 K2O, 2.2 Na2O, 2.0 Fe2O3, 0.4 TiO2, 0.2 BaO, 0.2 CuO to obtain ferrosilicon. The studies were carried out using a single-electrode single-phase arc furnace with adjustable power, as well as the method of rotatable second-order research (Box-Hunter plan). The influence of the amount of coke and steel chips on the degree of silicon extraction into the alloy and its grade was determined. It was found that with a constant amount of coke, an increase in the charge of steel chips increases the extraction of silicon into the ferroalloy and reduces the concentration of Si in it. The influence of coke on the behavior of silicon has a lesser effect. Based on the obtained volumetric and planar images of changes in the extraction of silicon into the alloy and its composition, geometric optimization of the process was carried out. It was found that ferrosilicon grade FeSi25 with the extraction of 70-75% silicon in it is formed in the presence of 30-31.3% coke, 31.3-32.0% steel chips. To obtain ferrosilicon of the FeSi45 brand, with the extraction of 70-76% silicon, the amount of coke should be 32.2-36.3%, and steel chips 25.6-28.3% of the mass of the brags; in the presence of 24-25.2% of steel chips, 30.7-36.3% of coke, ferrosilicon of the FeSi50 brand should be smelted from the tailings.

Currently, the Lisakovsk field is one of the raw material bases of ArcelorMittal Temirtau JSC. However, at present, their use in metallurgical production is limited due to the high content of phosphorus. It was found that phosphorus in lisakov concentrate is present in the form of various minerals (ooliths, vivianite, hydrogetite) and compounds (iron phosphates, hydrated phosphorus components). By reacting with the gaseous compounds of these different iron phosphates, conditions can be created to reduce excess phosphorus. This article discusses the thermodynamic interaction of iron phosphate with various gaseous components. The object of the study is the Lisakov gravitational-magnetic concentrate, which contains up to 0.7% phosphorus. Phosphorus in the composition of phosphorus gravitational-magnetic concentrate is added to the mineral vivianite, which represents the compound of hydrogetite with phosphorus pentaoxide. When oxidized to a temperature of 900-1000°C, iron phosphate breaks down into iron oxide and phosphorus pentaoxide. The released phosphorus pentaoxide is a chemically active and mobile substance. Thus, in the future, this phosphorus pentaoxide may undergo decomposition under certain conditions. Considering the insufficiently studied mechanism of annealing and leaching, as well as the shortcomings of the proposed technologies, initiative studies of pyrogydrometallurgical technology for removing phosphorus peroxide content in the Lisakovsk enrichment using annealing and leaching with sulfuric acid were carried out.

The paper analyzes the raw material base of the coal deposit in the world and Kazakhstan. It is shown that with the development of the coal industry, the output of ash and slag waste is growing, which occupy large areas for storage and their negative impact on the environment. The paper describes the mechanism of the process of rectification of the mother liquor with ammonium hydroxide with the release of non-ferrous metals and REE into the precipitate (cake) and the production of a circulating solution based on calcium chloride. The results of thermodynamic calculations of the Gibbs free energy of deposition of non-ferrous metals from the mother liquor in the temperature range of 293-323 K (20-50°C), showed the fundamental possibility of separation of non-ferrous metals into the precipitate. The results of thermodynamic calculations are fully confirmed by experimental experiments on the study of the regularities of the separation of non-ferrous metals (CM) and REE into the target commercial product (cake) from the mother liquor obtained after crystallization of aluminum chloride hexahydrate by rectification with NH4OH. In the process of rectification of the mother liquor, a solution of calcium chloride in the amount of 989.9 ml and 11.91 g of cake (precipitate) containing NFM and REE was obtained. The resulting solution is reversible and is used for chlorinating ash firing. A high (more than 99%) extraction of NFM and REE in the cake was established. According to the phase composition, the cake consists of NFM and calcium hydroxides, with a predominant, up to 50%, content Zn(OH)2. The cake can be easily processed by known metallurgical methods with maximum extraction of NFM and REE. The process of rectification of the mother liquor is the final stage of the innovative technology of complex processing of ash and slag waste of the TPS of Kazakhstan. The paper shows the technological scheme of the developed technology of complex ash processing and optimal technological parameters. The technology will stimulate the development of the energy industry by completely recycling them to obtain commodity products with high added value and increase the efficiency of thermal power plants operating on coal combustion by involving ash waste in processing as an additional source of raw materials.

People who have visited the surface of Mars for the first time cannot survive in conditions of such dangers as ra-diation, micrometeorites and dust storms. But we offer the caves found on this Mars as a way to use them as a natural refuge from these environmental hazards. The gravitational field on the surface of Mars is about three times weaker than on Earth, and the magnetic field is too weak. Therefore, creatures that have left Earth, including humans, can live on the surface of Mars for only 30-40 seconds. Even the most powerful spacesuit can save a person's life for just a few hours. Martian caves weaken solar radiation almost three times and do not let it inside. Therefore, the study of Martian caves, conducting scientificallybased research to makethem the first habitat, is an urgent problem today. Therefore, it is advantageous to use the mountain caves of Mars as an underground habitat. Since atmospheric protection is minimal at high altitudes, scientific studies of the strengthand stability of the inner edges to Martian gravity are carried out to turn these caves into living quarters, such as mines, tunnels. Under the influence of various forces (gravitational, temperature, low-current, tectonic, etc.) of such structures on Mars, a mechanical andmathematical model is being developed to study the strength of cave dwellings, habitats.