The indicators of the SDGs are a description of the principles of sustainable development. An SDG indicator for preparing a professional workforce is decent work to support economic growth. Through the professional workforce certification program, it is hoped that workers will get decent jobs to increase economic growth and apply sustainable development principles. This study aims to: 1) determine the implementation of a professional workforce certification program in the construction sector to support sustainable development following the needs and regulations of the Government of Indonesia; and 2) how much is the percentage of readiness of professional workers in construction in participating in the labor certification program. This study uses a survey approach. The subject of this study is a professional workforce in Yogyakarta. The aspects of the assessed review were the sub-classification of professional building workers, the sub-classification of construction safety work professionals, and the sub-classification of construction management work professionals. Data were collected through questionnaires and interview techniques. The results of the tabulation of data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that 1) the implementation of the professional workforce certification program in the construction sector in the sub-classification of building professional workers, sub-classification of construction safety professionals, and sub-classification of construction management professionals is in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, including environmental, social and economy; 2) the proportion of professional workforce readiness in the construction sector in participating in the certification program for the application of building work sub-classification is 95.45% (very high), construction safety work sub-classification is 83.33% (very high), and construction management work sub-classification by 89.39% (very high). © 2024 Author(s).

Sensor-driven shoulder exoskeletons are emerging as promising tools for post-stroke rehabilitation, offering scalable, adaptive, and patient-specific motor assistance. This systematic review analyzes 32 studies published between 2015 and April 2025, focusing on the integration of sensor modalities and control strategies in upper-limb exoskeletons targeting the shoulder complex. The review categorizes sensor types, including electromyography (EMG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), force/torque sensors, and kinematic sensors, and evaluates their role in motion tracking, user-intent detection, and feedback regulation. Control strategies are classified into five main groups: force- and admittance-based interaction control, adaptive and assist-as-needed control, human-in-the-loop control, passive support and gravity compensation, and machine-learning-based predictive control. Motor-driven actuation was the most prevalent approach, often paired with advanced control architectures. While multimodal sensor fusion enhances system responsiveness and personalization, most implementations remain in early development or validation stages, with limited clinical deployment. Challenges include sensor drift, bioelectrical signal variability, system complexity, and the need for regulatory approval. The review concludes by highlighting future directions in AI-driven control, wearable sensing, and closed-loop neurorehabilitation. These trends point toward a new generation of intelligent, user-centered exoskeletons capable of delivering high-quality therapy in both clinical and home settings. © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Permeability is a key transport property of porous materials, and its accurate evaluation is relevant when studying applied tasks, such as CO2 injection into reservoirs and investigating groundwater quality. This study examines the dependence of permeability on total and connected porosity, hydraulic tortuosity, specific surface area, and mean pore radius based on the data of 408 cubic sub-volumes extracted from heterogeneous and naturally fractured cylindrical carbonate samples, before and after injection of HCl solutions. These parameters were computed using pore-scale modeling of fluid flow. Our results show that permeability correlates well with porosity and mean pore radius, with correlation coefficients of (Formula presented.) for heterogeneous samples. It was found that the presence of natural fractures significantly influenced the relationship between permeability and other parameters. The relationship between permeability (Formula presented.), tortuosity (Formula presented.), and specific surface area (Formula presented.) is described by the power laws (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.), with coefficients (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.) substantially exceeding those in the Kozeny–Carman equation. It was also found that there is a parabolic relationship between connected and total porosities, both before and after rock dissolution with (Formula presented.). This allowed for an estimation of percolation threshold porosity in accordance with the literature data. © 2023 by the authors.

This review aims to increase attention on present water quality issues on Central Asia, finding gaps in the literature on ways to address treatment needs, and help ensure future use of Central Asia surface waters and groundwater for all beneficial uses. Central Asia is a landlocked region known for its harsh climatic conditions and scarce water resources, despite being home to some of the world’s largest internal drainage basins. The available literature suggests that increasing salinity has rendered water unsuitable for irrigation and consumption; hazardous trace elements are found throughout Central Asia, most often associated with mining and industrial sources; and that legacy pesticides influence water quality, particularly in agriculturally influenced basins. This study also focuses on the effects of municipal and industrial wastewater discharge. Additionally, the impact of inadequately treated wastewater on water resources is analyzed through a review of available data and reports regarding surface and groundwater quantity and quality. Given the challenges of water scarcity and accessibility, the reuse of treated wastewater is becoming increasingly important, offering a valuable alternative that necessitates careful oversight to ensure public health, environmental sustainability, and water security. However, due to insufficient financial and technical resources, along with underdeveloped regulatory frameworks, many urban areas lack adequate wastewater treatment facilities, significantly constraining their safe and sustainable reuse. Proper management of wastewater effluent is critical, as it directly influences the quality of both surface and groundwater, which serve as key sources for drinking water and irrigation. Due to their persistent and biologically active nature even at trace levels, we discuss contaminants of emerging concern such as antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and modern agrochemicals. This review thus highlights gaps in the literature reporting on impacts of wastewater inputs to water quality in Central Asia. It is recommended that future research and efforts should focus on exploring sustainable solutions for water quality management and pollution control to assure environmental sustainability and public health. © 2025 by the authors.

This paper presents the results of the study of stress-strain state of reinforced concrete spans of two overpasses. With increasing volumes of cargo transportation by rail, the axle load increases up to 25 tons. Bridges and overpasses built about 100 years ago have acquired hidden defects during the years of operation. The safe operation of artificial structures requires additional research using the TENZO software and hardware complex, which processes digital records from primary transducers based on strain gauges. In 2018 and 2023, deflections, strains and stresses were obtained for typical beam spans of 11.5 m and 16.5 m of two reinforced concrete overpasses, from static and dynamic loads. For example, in 2018, the “spread” of stresses from the test load (TEM18) for the right-hand blocks of the 11.5 m spans ranged from 3.7 MPa to 3.71 MPa at different loading stages, and for the left-hand blocks of the 11.5 m spans ranged from 3.46 MPa to 3.9 MPa at different loading stages. In 2023, the stress range was from 2.58 MPa to 4.65 MPa for the right span blocks of 11.5 m span and from 2.67 MPa to 4.7 MPa for the left span blocks at different stages of loading. The 2018 data show uneven loading of the span blocks, indicating that the track axis is offset from the axis of the transportation structure. In 2023, the span structure blocks worked uniformly, which indicates that the track axis and the axis of the transportation structure are aligned (coincide). The obtained dependences “deformations and stresses” for typical beam spans of 11.5 m show the technical condition of the structures of the investigated objects, confirming the possibility of increasing the passage through them of a larger tonnage of transported cargo (increase in axial load up to 25 tons per axle). The spans have demonstrated reliable behavior under dynamic loads, with no signs of significant degradation in the period from 2018 to 2023. The use of data from scientific monitoring methods with the use of digital hardware and software systems will significantly reduce the cost of maintaining artificial structures on railroads and improve the safety of transportation infrastructure Copyright © 2025, Authors.

At present, when the whole world is intensively switching to organic farming, the refusal or minimization of the usage of chemical plant protection products and synthesized fertilizers is a very urgent issue for the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Accordingly, the solution to the problems of increasing yields and ensuring the fight against pathogenic components should be carried out in accordance with the principles of “green” chemistry. In this regard, the usage of heteroleptic complexes based on carboxylic and amino acids with biogenic metals is dictated not only by their availability, low cost, and ability to increase crop yields but also by fungicidal activity, lower toxicity, and easy biodegradability, which lists them among the “green” and cost-effective plant biostimulants. In the present work, for the first time, a heteroleptic complex based on succinic acid and glycine, with the formula [Cu(succ)(gly)], was developed for usage as a fungicidal biostimulant, which has the ability to significantly reduce the number of pathogens. We found that this compound has a layered structure and was able to increase soybean germination up to 100%. © 2023 by the authors.

Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) germicidal light can effectively inactivate airborne pathogens and mitigate the transmission of infectious diseases. As the application of UV-C for disinfection gains popularity, practical estimation of UV irradiance is essential in determining the UV fluence (dose) and designing tubular UV lamp configurations for indoor air treatment. It is generally understood that the inverse square (∼1/d2) law (i.e., irradiance is proportional to the inverse square of the distance) applies well to point light sources. However, there has been a recognition that the ∼1/d2 law does not work well for tubular light sources in the commonly defined near-field applications where the UV source is relatively close to the treated air. Therefore, practical near-field irradiation estimation is needed for designing portable air cleaners and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts with built-in UV light bulbs. This research investigated UV-C light irradiance from tubular (L = 0.9 m) light bulbs at near distances inside an air cleaner prototype duct under three power output (1-, 4-, and 8-bulb) scenarios and conducted theoretical estimation based on a line-source irradiation model. Similarly sized visible fluorescent bulbs were used as a reference. The data were fitted on both ∼1/d2 and ∼1/d correlation of irradiance with distance. Both measured and line source estimated data fit better (i.e., evaluated by R-square, standard errors, root mean squared errors) with the ∼1/d than the ∼1/d2 relationship in the near distance. Although the differences between the measured and the modeled were observed, the pattern of light distribution generally follows an inverse relationship (∼1/d) with distances (d) shorter than two tubular bulb lengths (d < 2L). The pattern applies to both UV and visible light tested in this study. It is recommended that the inverse (∼1/d) correlation be used for near-distance estimation of light distribution, especially for disinfection purposes in air ducting for indoor air quality improvement and airborne disease mitigation. Copyright © 2024 Li, Koziel, Yedilbayev, Paris, Walz and Ramirez.

Camel milk has demonstrated robust immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in various clinical and experimental studies. However, no previous studies have characterized the cellular immunological effects of camel milk in the context of allergic asthma. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the protective effects of camel milk in house dust mite induced asthma in mice, which emulate human pulmonary inflammation. Female BALB/c mice aged 8- to 10-week-old were intranasally sensitized with vehicle or HDM in 2.5 µl (5 µg) per nostril, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. On day 22, mice received an HDM challenge by a large volume but low dose into the lung (5 µg in 50µl) using intranasal inoculation. Using oral gavage technique, CM/ HDM group mice received 0.5 ml of camel milk or vehicle five times a week, starting a day prior to sensitization. On day 23 following HDM challenge, mice were exposed to serial challenges with 10, 20, 40 and 100 mg/ml aerosolized methacholine to measure lung dynamics. Furthermore, BALF and whole lung samples were harvested to examine pulmonary inflammation. Camel milk effectively inhibited both HDM-induced infiltration of eosinophils and AHR. In addition to this, camel milk downregulates the number of pulmonary Th2 and Th17 cells and suppressed CCL17 expression in whole lung homogenates. Furthermore, camel milk reduced HDM-induced IL-4 and IL-13 expression following in vitro restimulation of pulmonary T cell subsets. Additionally, camel milk suppressed total concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in the lung. These results corroborate the asthma-preventive potential of camel milk and highlight the significance of diminished local concentrations of Th2- associated cytokines. In the present study, the observed downregulation of asthma progression by camel milk suggests its potential health benefits; however, further experimental and controlled clinical trials are needed before it can be considered a supplementary approach for allergic asthma management. © 2025 Rakhmatulina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Slow sand filtration (SSF) is one of the traditional methods of water treatment yet gaining attention as a promising method. The rising demand is owing to its simplicity, environmental friendliness and effectiveness, which can reach 90- 95%. This chapter reviews the principles and mechanisms underlying SSF, particularly addressing the physical, biological, and chemical processes that contribute to its effectiveness. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the design and construction of SSF systems, with a particular emphasis on the critical components and factors that facilitate the attainment of optimal performance. The efficacy of the method in enhancing water quality is assessed through a variety of analytical methods, including the removal of turbidity, the reduction of pathogens, and the removal of organic matter. The chapter also encompasses the environmental impact assessment of SSF to guarantee its long- term sustainability. © 2025 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.

The study focuses on the use of the Earth Remote Sensing (ERS) data to calculate mineral indices using the example of the Tokrau River. In the modern era, as issues of climate change and human impact on the environment become increasingly prominent, monitoring natural resources has become imperative. In this regard, remote sensing technologies provide valuable data for the study and control of Earth’s resources. The aim of this research is to investigate changes in the mineral composition in the Tokrau River valley using information obtained during Landsat and Sentinel-2A missions from 1998 to 2021 to assess human impact on the ecosystem and to find potential mineral deposits. This work is important both scientifically and practically as it demonstrates that spectral mapping can effectively detect mineral changes. This finding is significant for geological research and environmental monitoring. The research approach included the examination of satellite data, calculation of mineral indices, and comparison of the results obtained in different time periods. The collected data allowed for conclusions to be drawn regarding fluctuations in mineral transformations in the Tokrau River valley. The study complements existing knowledge about the use of remote sensing in geological research and environmental monitoring. It also contributes to international experience in this field. The practical significance of the research lies in utilizing the collected data to develop methods for the protection and responsible use of natural resources in the Tokrau River region and other comparable regions. © 2024, Ore and Metals Publishing house. All rights reserved