When conducting engineering and geological surveys, one of the main tasks is to determine the physical and me-chanical properties of soils. The physical properties of soils are necessary for accurate soil classification, while the mechanical properties are essential for calculating the stability of foundations, as well as the foundations of buildings and structures. This article presents the results of a study on the physico-mechanical properties of cohesive soils in deluvial-proluvial and alluvial deposits of the Alakol depression. Modern geological processes and phenomena in this region are mainly influenced by human engineering and economic activities, particularly land reclamation and construction. Until the 1960s, the development of cer-tain UCPs (Unified Classification Points) was sporadic. The erosion activity of water flows was primarily observed during spring floods and heavy rains, leading to the washout and collapse of riverbanks. Deflation was evident in the Aeolian rework-ing of alluvial-lacustrine deposits, resulting in the formation of blow basins, sand dunes, wind ripples, and other microrelief features. Additionally, salinization and waterlogging led to the widespread development of salt marshes and puffin formationsin areas with shallow groundwater levels.

This article considers modern methods of increasing wear resistance and reliability of machine parts using com-posite materials, especially in the field of powder surfacing and synthesis of metal-matric composites. One of the effective methods is self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), which allows obtaining composite coatings with improved mechanical and thermal properties. Powder surfacing methods, such as electron beam surfacing (EBF), provide wear-resistant, heat-resistant and hardening coatings on a titanium base. Powders of titanium and its alloys are obtained by reduction of oxides with calcium hydride, which contributes to the formation of materials with high strength and good flowability. Special atten-tion is paid to titanium boride as a strengthening phase for composites. The use of these technologies contributes to a signifi-cant increase in the durability and reliability of machines and mechanisms, which leads to resource saving and reduction of operating costs. The studies include the analysis of structural characteristics of the obtained powders and coatings, as well as the determination of their physical and mechanical properties. The variations in these properties as a function of the titanium binder content in the composite powder are analyzed. The descriptionof the microstructure of powders and coatings, as well as the influence of composition on their characteristics, allows us to draw conclusions about the possibility of using these materi-als to create functional coatings with improved performance characteristics, such as increased wear resistance and heat re-sistance. The results of the study can be useful for the development of new materials with improved operational properties for use in various industries.

The smelting of off-grade ilmenite concentrates from the Obukhovskoye deposit results in the generation of sig-nificant quantities of reduced iron, which presents an opportunity for itsutilization in the production of iron oxide pigments. The transformation of industrial waste into value-added materials aligns with contemporary trends in sustainable materials science. This study investigates the precipitation of divalent iron from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions using ammonia to form goethite, focusing on the influence of magnesium impurities on the precipitation process. The presence of magnesium was found to inhibit the formation of goethite, leading to a significant reductionin pigment yield and quality. A ferriferous solution was prepared by dissolving finely divided reduced iron in sulfuric acid, followed by the precipitation of iron oxides using a 25% ammonia solution. The synthesized iron oxide pigment was further refinedthrough hydrogen peroxide treatment, ensuring a more uniform pigment composition and improved color stability. This approach offers a viable method for the recy-cling of industrial by-products while simultaneously addressing environmental concerns related to waste disposal. The findings contribute to the advancement of resource-efficient pigment synthesis techniques, demonstrating the potential for utilizing metallurgical waste as a precursor for high-quality iron oxide pigments suitable for various industrial applications.

This work presents an economic analysis of processing various titanium-containing raw materials-titanium slag and synthetic rutile-through chlorination in a molten salt medium in the presence of carbon. The processing of titanium-containing raw materials is carried out using a chlorination technology in molten alkali metal salts (MgCl₂, NaCl, KCl) with high-concentration gaseous chlorine in the presence of a carbon-containing reducing agent. Anthracite is used as the reducing agent, while waste sludge from magnesium electrolysis is used as the molten medium. The processing takes place in cylindri-cal chlorination furnaces lined with fireclay bricks at temperatures of 720-800°C. The chlorination products are directed to a condensation system. The work provides a description of the Satpayev ilmenite deposit in East Kazakhstan and presents the chemical composition of Satpayev ilmenite concentrate, titanium slag, and synthetic rutile obtained through various processes. A correlation is established between the vanadium, niobium, and tantalum content in ilmenite concentrates and their preva-lence in the Earth's crust. Based on this correlation, the order of transition metals in Group V of the periodic table is deter-mined according to their decreasing concentration in the concentrates. Technological challenges associated with processing titanium-containing raw materials with elevated levels of certain components are described, along with some methods for pro-ducing synthetic rutile. A cost comparison is provided for the production of titanium slag and synthetic rutile. Material balance calculations for the chlorination process of titanium slag and synthetic rutile from different production methods are performed to assess raw material costs and waste disposal expenses. The study concludes that producing synthetic rutile from Satpayev ilmenite concentrate is economically feasible.

The study performs an analysis and comparison of two completely different, but in some cases similar regions of West and East Kazakhstan. The influenceof climate data changes, soil structure and its sensitivity on desertification in Ka-zakhstan over the decades of the 2000s, 2010s and from 2020 to 2024 is described using the example of West and East Ka-zakhstan. The author compared and detected that the soil types: Zg, XI, So, WR and KI are found both in the West and in the East of Kazakhstan exposed to degradation of soil structure. Climatic parameters, such as the temperature of the area fixed range between 3.6-4.9°С, humidity change significantly, all the time within 64% and 77%, and precipitation in different time periods changed from 416 mm to 605 mm. Using remote sensing data, the author analyzed changes in the natural environment, created visualizations and 3D modeling during the monitoring process. Thus, a set of existing research papers, statistical in-formation and own experience were presented, since in the course of the work the results of scientific research on desertifica-tion were presented. The results of the study showed that there is an accelerated process of land desertification in Kazakhstan.

This study focuses on assessing the stress-strain state of rock masses in structurally heterogeneous ore deposits of Kyrgyzstan. The primary objectives include identifying stress distribution patterns with depth, analyzing the impact of tec-tonic faults, and establishing the relationship between the elastic properties of rocks and their strength parameters. A compre-hensive methodological approach is employed, including in-situ stress measurements using the overcoring technique to deter-mine principal normal stresses at various depths, laboratory tests to evaluate elastic wave velocities, Young’s and shear modu-lus, and statistical analysis to derive regression relationships. Furthermore, the orientation of principal stresses is reconstructed, and the influence of tectonic discontinuities on the stress field within the rock mass is evaluated. The results indicate that verti-cal stresses in the rock mass approximately correspond to the overburden pressure, expressed as γH. Regression models ob-tained for competent and moderately strong rocks confirm that the experimental data lies between the values predicted by N. Hast’s relationships and those derived from hydrostatic stress distribution. The analysis of elastic properties reveals a high degree of anisotropy, where variations in P-wave velocity strongly correlate with changes in Young’s and shear moduli. The practical significance of this research lies in its contribution to developing more accurate predictive models for the stress-strain behavior of ore-bearing rock masses, thereby enhancing the design of underground excavations.

One of the important environmental problems of Kazakhstan is the insufficient quality of natural and wastewater treatment, the reason for which is the lack of the main, mandatory reagent in water purification technology –coagulant.Alu-minum-containing natural and man-made raw materialscan be comprehensively processed in order to obtain modified mixed reagents-coagulants. One of the promising types of raw materials on the territory of Kazakhstan for the production of coagu-lants are substandard bauxites of the Krasnooktyabrsky deposit.This article presents a fundamentally new approach to the development of a technology for producing an effective coagulant with high coagulating properties in a wide pH range –a mixed sulfate aluminum-iron-silica coagulant (MSAISC) –when decomposing Red October bauxite with sulfuric acid with maximum extraction of aluminum, iron and silicon into a paste-like phase.Such a composition of the coagulant, called by us MSAISC (mixed sulfate aluminum-iron-silica coagulant) allows you to expand the range of action both in temperature and pH of the medium. In this sense, silicon coagulant, as well as modern aluminum polyoxychlorides, can be used without flocculant.The simultaneous presence of aluminum, iron and silicon salts in the composition of the coagulant makes it possible to com-bine the properties of «three in one».

An economical and environmentally advantageous two stages method with efficient recovery of pure lead-free zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust in parallel with clinker containing iron and carbon production for easy return to the iron smelting furnace was described. At the first stage, theelectric arc furnace dust was mixed with a mixture of chloride salts and sintered at various temperatures to lead removing. In the second stage, the clinker after the first sintering stage was mixed with carbonaceous agent and sintered again to obtain pure lead-free zinc oxide. The clinker after the second sintering stage, containing iron and carbon, can be sent to the main iron production. Laboratory-scale measurements with electric arc furnace dust from one of the Kazakhstan metallurgical ferrous plants show that process allows receive lead-free zinc oxide with the total impurity content is 0.06–0.07 mass%, and the lead content is 0.001 mass%. Based on the laboratory studies carried out, a technological scheme for the two-stage processing of electric arc dust was developed to produce marketable products. The environmental benefit of the method is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the environment associated with the recycling of electric arc furnace dust. In addition, the process allows to recycle production waste and reduce the consumption of natural resources.

Used automotive catalysts are a valuable source of rare and precious metals, which plays a key role in modern industry. These raw materials contain rare rare earths and precious metals, which makes their processing highly efficient andeconomically profitable. To develop a comprehensive processing technology, catalysts were studied using various analysis methods, such as chemical, X-ray, X-ray spectral, and electron microscopic analysis.The results of the phase analysis indicate that rare rare earths and noble metals are in various phase states, in the form of oxides embedded in the aluminosilicate matrix of the catalyst. These data are of critical importance for the creation of effective methods of metal extraction. The key ap-proaches for processing these raw materials are pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies, each of which has its own advantages and unique performance criteria.This article focuses on the physico-chemical studies of spent catalysts and the proposed method of their opening, which makes it possible to efficiently extract rare, rare-earth and precious metals. The research results can be used to optimize existing and develop new technological schemes for processing secondary raw materials.

This study investigates the effect of zirconium on the superplastic properties of titanium alloys at various tem-peratures and strain rates. It has been established that zirconium significantly influences the strain rate sensitivity coefficient (m), mechanical stability, and plasticity. At elevated temperatures, zirconium-containing alloys exhibit a stable m-value within a specific strain rate range, followed by a sharp decline. In contrast, zirconium-free alloys show a gradual decrease in m as the strain rate increases. The optimal temperature-strain rate conditions for superplastic deformation depend on zirconium content. Alloys with lower zirconium concentrations demonstrate high plasticity at moderate temperatures and intermediate strain rates, whereas alloys with higher zirconium content require lower strain rates to achieve uniform deformation. Beyond a certain threshold, an increase in zirconium content results in reduced plasticity and strain localization. Additionally, zirconium in-creases flow stress, while higher temperatures contribute to its reduction; however, this is accompanied by grain coarsening,which negatively affects mechanical properties. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed that after superplastic deformation, all investigated alloys develop a fine-grained structure consisting of equiaxed α-and β-grains. The average grain size increases compared to the initial state, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization processes. The results confirm the feasibility of using these titanium alloys in superplastic forming technologies. The identified correlations provide a basis for optimizing thermomechanical processing parameters to achieve a balance between high plasticity and me-chanical stability, which is crucial for industrial applications.