Due to the growth of steel industry in the world, the rich resources of ore, Abundanceof inputs required by the iron and steel industry and higher demand for steel in Afghanistan, the idea of designing and locating development plans in the field of iron and steel industry was created. To increase existing competitive advantages and gainingthe most added value for Afghanistan requires suitable locations. In this paper, six cases as criteria and nineteen cases as sub-criteria that have a greater impact on the construction of iron and steel industries, selected after interviews with experts. The questionnaires have been arranged and distributed by google-forms and interviews have been conducted with experts. The weights of the criteria and sub-criteria were calculated based on the results of the questionnaires and using theFAHP. Then by usingthe FTOPSIS, the plans are ranked based on the similarity index. As a result, which the Bamyan has come in first position and Kandahar has come in recent position of development planning to invest. In the end, for more accuracy and correctness of the research after completing all preconditions, sensibility analysis among options according criteria and sub-criteria has been done in five sce-narios.

The technology of scandium extraction from red mud of bauxite processing by hydrochemical method has been developed, including preliminary treatment of red mud with alkaline solution for aluminum extraction, subsequent thermo-chemical transformation in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and repulping in solution containing a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodiumhydrogen carbonate and sorption extraction of scandium from carbonization solution. As a result of pretreatment of red mud with alkaline solution, with the addition of CaO at the rate of obtaining the ratio of CaO:SiO2=1:1 in the pulp at a temperature of240-260°C extraction of aluminum obtained in the solution more than 80%. To increase the degree of extraction of scandium, thermochemical transformation of the phase composition of red mud by treatment with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution at a temperature of 260°C, duration of 6 hours and the ratio L:S=10. Extraction of scandium from red mud is carried out by pulp repulping method with soda-hydrocarbonate recycling solution containing Na2Otot=65g/dm3at NaHCO3/Na2CO3ratio~2 with solution gassing with carbon dioxide to reach pH≤9 at temperature 80°C and duration 3 hours.According to the developed technology the degree of scandium extraction from red mud amounted to 86.5%. The efficiency of the technology is associated with the destruction of mineral components of red mud as a result of two-stage transformation of the phase composition, its recrystallization and release of the difficult-to-discover part of scandi-um. The analysis of existing technologies of sorption extraction of scandium from sulfuric acid leaching solutions was carried out, which showed that the best selectivity for scandium is possessed by ion-exchange resins synthesized by phosphorylation of copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene. When using phosphorus-containing amphoteric ionite Lewatit TP 260, the de-gree of scandium extraction from the carbonization solution was 98%.

A review of studies on the protection of metals and their alloys from corrosion has been conducted. Currently, the problem of protecting metals and metal structures from corrosion is relevant in the world. The problemof protecting metal products from corrosion has not lost its importance since the beginning of the use of metal. The urgency of this problem liesin the fact that the intensive development of metal-intensive industries is associated with the rapid growth of economic and envi-ronmental damage caused by the destruction of metal structures, equipment and products. Practically all existing metal is sub-ject to corrosion, but the long-term reliable functioning of products, equipment, metal structures made of metal and its alloys depends on the speed of the corrosion process. The average service life of products made of non-ferrous and ferrous metal alloys is about fifteen years, which is common in environmental conditions. Not only iron alloys, but also hard-to-melt metals and their alloys have a harmful effect on the environment. The main harm from metal corrosion is associated not only with theloss of a large amount of metal, but also with the failure of metal structures, since due to corrosion they lose the necessary strength, ductility, density, thermal and electrical conductivity, insulation and other necessary properties. Protection of metal structures from corrosion gives a positive effect by reducing the cost of repair and complete replacement of the entirestructure or part. Corrosion protection is one of the most important problems of modern industry. This article provides information about the origin of the term corrosion, the course of this process, its types and the alleged damage.

A description of the level of knowledge and regional features over the complex southern region of the Caspian basin is given. Modern ideas about the characteristics of the load and the total salt-dome tectonics on the supports of local structures and the oil and gas accumulation zone are presented. Based on the disclosure of data on the internal structure, the need for a detailed study of the “salt dome -trough”, the patterns of distribution of salt-bearing thickness over the area, and its manifestation on the overlying types of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous are substantiated. The analysis of data on the struc-ture and oil and gas content of salt dome structures of the southern interfluve of the Ural-Volga and the Yuzhno-Embinsky district is carried out. The factors determining the degree of complexity of the structure of the post-salt strata are substantiated. Including: the relationship between the activity of dome growth and the changes over time in the structural plan along horizons IV, V, and III within the supra-dome, peri-dome areas, and the periphery of the dome, as well as the overall evolution of the 'salt dome –basin' system. The wide strip along the contour of the southern framing of the Caspian basin, which is character-ized by a sheet-like and weakly faulted salt occurrence, is emphasized as the most promising in terms of oil and gas bearing. In this strip on the southern framing of the Caspian basin, using the example of the fields of the Prorva group, Borankol, Kisim-bay and others, it is shown that promising local structures are characterized by the preservation of the completeness of the section in the supra-dome and sub-dome parts, which provides relatively more favorable conditions for the formation of hydro-carbon traps in them.

Groundwater is an important natural resource and its importance for the agricultural sector of the economy of Kazakhstan is enormous. In conditions of limited surface water resources and due to the changes and increasing climate aridi-zation, the southern regions of Kazakhstan are increasingly experiencing a shortage of water resources.The climate conditions of the south-eastern regions of Kazakhstan are characterized by a lack of moisture, which makes irrigation an integral part of agricultural production. In recent decades, water resource management has become increasingly important. The efficient use ofwater resources through modern irrigation technologies can contribute to increased land productivity and food security in the region.This paper presents the results of research on the use of groundwater in the southern part of the Kerbulak field for irri-gation purposes. The paper analyzes the current state of groundwater use and prospects for the development of irrigated agri-culture in the considered area.The article presents the results of the research of the hydrogeological conditions of the Shengeldy area (the southern part of the Kerbulak field), identified prospective aquifers, studied the quality of groundwater, and made conclusions about the use of groundwater for various purposes.The groundwater of the Kerbulak field can provide a stable water supply during the growing season, and this is critical for agriculture in poor years.However, despite all the bene-fits, irrigated agriculture faces a number of challenges, such as soil degradation, pollution and depletion of water resources. Therefore, the important task is to develop and implement effective strategies for the management of irrigated areas, aimed at integrating modern technologies, traditional knowledge and sustainable agricultural practices.

The paper presents the results of technological research on the extraction of gold by hydrometallurgical methods, as well as the beneficiation of gold ore using the methods of centrifugal concentration of gravity and flotation. Valuable ore components were identified by quantitative chemical analysis; a study of the material composition showed that the main indus-trially valuable mineral in the ore is gold with a content of up to 1.60 g/t, with accompanying silver -27.96 g/t. Studies of the granulometric composition showed gold content in different size classes, the maximum gold content was 8.01 g/t in samples of size class -0.071 mm. X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase chemical, fire assay analyzes for gold and silver content were carried out, and a mineralogical study of the ore sample was carried out. Based on the research results, conclusions were drawn aboutthe properties of the deposit's ore; according to mineralogical analysis, the ore under study belongs to the low-sulfide primary type, gold is found mainly in free form and in intergrowths with minerals, the technological type of ore is easily enriched, finely disseminated.It was established that the studied ore is effectively enriched by gravity and flotation methods; as a result of the gravity-flotation scheme, 96.29% of gold was extracted into enrichment concentrates; with the enrichment scheme using surfactants, 91.31% of gold was extracted into concentrates. The recovery of gold by direct cyanidation from ore crushed to 95% of -0.074 mm class was up to 92.78%. The results obtained indicate that gold in the ore is in forms extractable by cyanide leaching. Studies have been conducted on the use of surfactants in the process of flotation and extraction of gold from raw materials by cyanidation in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the processes.

This article presents data on the production and trade turnover of silicomanganese (SiMn) in the world and Ka-zakhstan. Based on these studies, it is possible to predict the future state of silicomanganese.The global silicomanganese mar-ket is expected to grow from $25.98 billion in 2022 to $28.33 billion in 2023 at a cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9%. The Russian-Ukrainian war has undermined the chances of a global economic recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between the two countries led to economic sanctions against many countries, rising commodity prices and supply chain disruptions, which caused inflation of goods and services and affected many markets around the world.The global silicomanganese market is expected to reach $38.35 billion in 2027 with an average annual growth rate of 7.9%.It is expected that the growing demand for steel products will contribute to the further growth of the silicomanganese market. Steel products are products that are made from iron and metal in factories by various methods and mixed with alloys such as carbon, zinc and others. Silicomanganese is used to produce various types of steel for various purposes, such as carbon steel, alloy steel, manganese steel. Such use leads to an increase in demand for silicomanganese in theproduction of steel products. For example, in 2022, according to the World Steel Association (WSA), the Belgian international trade organization for Fer-rous Metallurgy, steel consumption will increase by 0.4% in 2022, reaching 1.840 million tons. Steel consumption will in-crease by 2.2% in 2023, reaching 1.881 million tons. Thus, the growing demand for steel products stimulates the silicomanga-nese market.

In modern materials science, much attention is paid to the production of new types of ceramics that have in-creased resistance to external influences, as well as high strength parameters. At the same time, among the ceramics one can single out aluminum-magnesium spinel, which has a unique combination of properties that open up opportunities for its use as structural materials in the nuclear industry and aircraft construction, as well as metallurgy in the manufacture of cruciblesfor smelting metals. It should also be noted that recently special attention has been paid to research aimed at improving the proper-ties of these ceramics by doping or alloying them, which makes it possible to change their properties and increase resistance to external influences. The purpose of this study is to study the effectiveness of scandium doping of aluminum-magnesium spinel (MgAl2O4) obtained using the method of mechanochemical solid-phase synthesis, on changing the dynamics of phase trans-formation processes. The choice of ceramics based on MgAl2O4spinel as objects of study is due to the great prospects for its use in structural materials science, due to the unique physicochemical and strength properties, and the addition of scandium to the composition of this ceramic makes it possible to increase resistance to external influences and increase crack resistance.Using the method of X-ray phase analysis, it was found that an increase in the annealing temperature of alumina-magnesium ceramics doped with scandium leads to an enrichment of the composition with the γ-phase of aluminum oxide, with the for-mation of a substitutional solid solution of the MgAl2O4/Al2O3type, and also to a decrease in the concentration of the ScAlMgO4phase.At an annealing temperature of 1500°C, inclusions are formed in the composition of ceramics in the form of an MgAl intermetallic phase with a high degree of structural ordering of the crystal lattice (the deformation distortion factor is –0.35 (compression strain)).

Today, Kazakhstan, like many other countries, is actively seeking ways to adapt to global climate change, seek-ing to ensure sustainable economic development, social responsibility and environmental protection in the context of interna-tional cooperation. In early 2023, the «Strategy for Achieving Carbon Neutrality of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2060»was adopted, which was the result of significant work on the implementation of the «Concept of Transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a Green Economy», as well as the development and implementation of state programs of industrial-innovative development and implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The main goal of the Strategy is to achieve sus-tainable development of Kazakhstan's economy to climate change and carbon neutrality by 2060. There will be a gradual planned reduction in the share of coal-fired generation with an increase in the share of RES and alternative energy, as well as the use of natural gas as an intermediate fuel. In the medium and long term, there is uncertainty about the availability of suffi-cient water resources, so a long-term vision for the development of hydropower in Kazakhstan will be formed. In this regard, there is a need to develop the production of alternative energy in our country. Among non-conventional energy sources, geo-thermal energy -heat generated naturally in the Earth's interior -occupies the second place, second only to solar radiation. In recent years, unique factual material on thermal waters of Cretaceous deposits has been obtained in the territory of Zharkent depression. Zharkent depression possesses a huge potential of natural thermo-mineral resources, which have not found rational economic application so far. Development of thermal waters is actual in conditions of development of production of alternative kinds of energy and at transition of the republic on rails of «green economy».

The study is devoted to the analysis of metasomatic zoning and features of mineralization of porphyry copper deposits ofthe North-Eastern Balkhash region, comparing them with other analogs around the world. Based on geological, mineralogical, and hydrothermal changes, the key characteristics of the Aktogay, Aidarly and Kyzylkiya fields were identified. Methods included rock and mineral analysis, geochemical studies, and comparative analysis with global deposits. The results showed the uniqueness of Kazakhstan deposits in terms of mineral composition and zoning structure. The conclusion empha-sizes the importance of these deposits for understanding the formation of porphyry copper systems and the potential for further research in this direction. The copper ore deposit of North-Eastern Balkhash region is located 450 km northeast of Almaty, within the Balkhash-Ili suite of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, an orogenic structure over 800 million years old.The porphyry formations are found within the Koldar plutonic massif, which dates from the Late Devonian to the Early Carbonif-erous period. Laccolith intrusions of diorite-granodiorites extend 17 km in an east-west direction here.The Koldar plutonic massif includes plates of volcanogenic sedimentary rocks consisting of Carboniferous andesites and dacite-rhyolites. The Ak-togay deposit occupies the central plate, composed of volcanic rocks and bounded by magmatic formations. The stocks of porphyritic granodiorites that intrude into the volcanic layers date from the Middle Carboniferous period.