Mankind will always need metallic minerals. Despite of reduction of specific consumption, of increase both volumes of their reuse, and increase in strength qualities and wear resistance, of addition to metal alloys of synthetic materials, and also of transition to artificial atomic assembly of the necessary chemical elements from natural rocks and their constituent minerals and synthesis of metals from ocean water, offshore placers and bottom deposits in the future, extraction of ore from massif of earth crust will be the basic source of supply of demanded minerals. Based on these immutable postulates, we have made a comprehensive analysis of the existing geochemical patterns, the accumulation of mineral matter suitable for use as minerals. The origin of the planets of the Solar system with the condensation of the gas-dust cloud, which, in turn, as a result of adiabatic compression turned into planets of the Earth type and the asteroid belt with meteorites, was the reason for the same distribution of chemical elements in the Sun, in meteorites and in the Earth crust. We considered the anthropogenic-technical possibilities of mankind on the maximum depth of development of the continental part of the Earth's crust, the minimum industrial content (which will change over time towards reduction), the amount of minerals according to the clark in that part of the continental Earth's crust which is possible for industrial use with the objective restrictions, we determined the reserves of the demanded chemical elements. Calculations show their sufficiency for many years to come, but it will be the reserves in the deposits of a new type, created by objective geochemical regularities acting in nature, but not considered at present. Particular attention should be paid to the analytical generalization of mineral content at the micro- and nanoscale, which are currently not defined, being unaccounted reserves within well above the clark content at the minimum industrial level. The use of clarks and other geochemical patterns in the Earth's crust will require the creation of new analytical capabilities in exploration, new technological solutions for the extraction and processing of minerals from deposits of a new type, which are briefly described in the paper and are the subject of a more detailed and evidence-based description in the development of this article.

Heavy metals are among the most toxic pollutants in the environment. This paper presents data on contaminated soils with heavy metals of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The ways of their solution are proposed and characterized. Soil contamination with heavy metals is one of the urgent problems of geoecology, they will be transferred to the soil around the storage facility and pose a great threat to the ecosystem, agricultural system and human health. Several methods are already being used to clean the environment of these types of pollutants, but most of them are expensive and far from their optimal performance. The use of plants for cleaning the environment became an effective and cost-effective method only after hyperaccumulative plants were discovered, capable of accumulating up to 5% of nickel, zinc or copper in their tissues in terms of dry weight, that is, tens of times more than ordinary plants. The article provides an overview of phytoremediation technology as an improved method of soil purification. Different types of plants are considered as hyperaccumulators. Hyperaccumulating plants are found in different families and each of them plays an important role in phytoremediation. Since each of them is unique in its own way and each has its own response to the presence of heavy metals in the soil. The increased interest in this new technology is also explained by the fact that plants are hyperaccumulators of heavy metals, with high efficiency can be used on large areas. This property increases the efficiency of this technology and increases the demand.

Industrial processing of technogenic raw materials (wastes of enrichment and processing, overburden and enclosing rocks, close in composition to natural and used in traditional areas, practically does not differ from industrial processing of natural mineral raw materials. Efficient technologies development for processing of technogenic raw materials, which make it possible to obtain competitive products from it for various industries, is urgent task. Article deals with development of solution compositions for strengthening and hardening quarry slopes. Rock mass hardening in weakened areas is achieved by loading substances into cracks of array, which after hardening and setting of rock, significantly increase its resistance to shear. Loading of reinforcing substance into bulk mass is carried out under pressure, and as hardening material, we consider cement resins, silicates and polymer resins. The most common among hardening methods was cementing of rocks, when working in aquifers rocks, strengthening of unstable and disturbed massifs. With help of strengthening, it is possible to slow down processes of weathering and shedding of rocks, to prevent collapse of ledges and shedding of rocks from slopes surface. Possibility of obtaining solutions for strengthening fractured rocks and building structures has been studied. Study results of wastes of the Akshatau Mining and Processing Plant are presented and possibility of using them for solutions to strengthen fractured rocks is confirmed. Loading of hardening composition into the array is carried out under pressure, and we consider cement solution, silicates and polymer resins as hardening material. The most widespread among hardening methods is cementation during mine workings (underground structures) in fractured rocks. Significance of obtained results for construction industry lies in expansion and reproduction of raw material base of building materials industry through use of MMC waste (concentration tailings) and development of resource-saving technologies.

One of the ways to optimize the quality of production of chromium raw materials is to introduce slags capable of forming a slow-melting silicate compound to improve technical and economic indicators. The reason for the choice of these components is that they are used to regulate the slag mode in the process of melting ferrochrome alloy. The article presents the results of thermodynamic changes in the use of free chromium slag in the high-temperature zone and easily melting aluminosilicate slags of various compositions. Thermodynamic modeling during the firing of chrome pellets was carried out using the “TERRA” software package. Full thermodynamic modeling was carried out on the basis of a multicomponent CaO-MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 system at a temperature range of 800-1800°C and at a pressure of 0.1 MPа. As initial data for determining the parameters of thermodynamic equilibrium for the actual compositions of the chromium pellet firing charges, the host rock of chromium ore (the host part of the rock) and fluxing additives (aluminosilicate material) with different ratios were used. It was found that with the following optimal content of the fluxing material: SiO2 50-55%; Al2O3 14-16%; CaO 12-14%; MgO 5-8%; FeO 5-8%, the sintering process of chrome pellets can be carried out at relatively low temperatures (1200-1300°C). As a result, phase compositions with low melting points (CaAl2Si2O8, CaMg (Si2O6), MgSiO3) were determined, where they can affect the technical and economic performance of the production of chrome pellets.

Niobium absorbs hydrogen well, which is accompanied by structural and phase changes in the metal. To study the phenomenon of "hydrogen embrittlement" in niobium, the work presents studies of the dilatation of samples of pure niobium and palladium-coated niobium foil at different pressures in a gaseous medium. Hydrogen dilatation measurements were carried out on a setup developed based on a Shimadzu AG 100kNx electromechanical testing machine. A series of experiments to study the deformation of niobium membranes was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, pure niobium samples were studied; at the second stage, niobium samples palliated on both sides were studied. An oxide film on the surface of niobium significantly reduces the rate of diffusion of hydrogen atoms into the bulk of the sample, which leads to the development of slow dilatation in niobium in a hydrogen atmosphere. The deposition of a catalytic palladium film on the niobium surface provides a hundreds-fold increase in the flow rate of hydrogen atoms into the sample volume. It has been proved that it is advantageous for hydrogen to occupy tetrahedral positions in the niobium lattice. To study the strain rate and detect points of phase transitions, isobars for niobium and tantalum were plotted. Based on the isobar analysis, the linear thermal expansion coefficient of Nb and Ta was calculated. A rearrangement of the crystal lattice of the base metal in the region of high temperatures, accompanied by a change in the symmetry of the structure of the substance, has been found.

The article discusses various types of methods for increasing the wear resistance and performance characteristics of wear-resistant chromium cast irons associated with the processes of influencing the structure of the crystallizing metal by out-of-furnace treatment of the melt with micro-ligating and modifying elements. Requirements are presented for the quality of these castings in terms of operational and service characteristics, which makes it necessary to improve their composition and production technology, since when operating wear-resistant chromium cast iron parts of machines operating under friction conditions, the main reason for their failure is wear. The analysis of works to improve the methods of refining and modification of wear-resistant chromium cast iron is carried out. The need for further work to improve the methods of obtaining wear-resistant chromium cast irons is shown. The work is aimed at finding technologies for controlling the processes of forming the necessary microstructure of alloys through the choice of the optimal composition, refining, modification, the rate of crystallization of the cast structure. It was revealed that to ensure the quality of the product, it is necessary to structurally control melts of chromium wear-resistant cast iron, which can be carried out by optimizing alloying, modifying, and developing rational technological processes. And this requires research on the selection and calculation of alloying and modifying elements, as well as optimization of the pouring temperature.

The increase in the production of hot-dip galvanizing products is accompanied not only by an increase in the yield of dross, but also by its accumulation, due to the lack of rational processing technology. In this paper, the results of balance experiments on the processing of metal and oxidized fractions previously isolated from dross are presented. The effect of the consumption of such chlorinating reagents as CaCl2 and NH4Cl is studied in this work. The obtained results fully confirmed the previously obtained data established in the conditions of laboratory studies. It is shown that the melting of the metal fraction of dross at T = 450°C for 60 minutes with the addition of 2% NH4Cl from the weight of the initial sample ensures the production of a pure zinc ingot that practically does not contain impurity metals. Under the conditions of burning the oxidized component with the addition of 6% CaCl2 from the weight of the initial sample, the maximum removal of lead from the cinder was achieved from 0.35 to 0.002%. At the same time, it is not possible to achieve a decrease in the iron content in the stub. Its final content in the cinder is 0.25%. Under the conditions of burning the oxidized component of dross together with NH4Cl, at its optimal consumption equal to 15% of the weight of the initial sample, high-quality zinc oxide was obtained, suitable for its use as a mineral additive in animal and bird feed. Extraction of metals-impurities in the sublimates the conditions of burning at T = 1000°C and the duration 60 min, was, %: Cu, Ni, Fe -75%; Pb, Cd - 98%.

The article presents a review of scientific works related to the research of methods intended to obtain iron-containing reagents, and their properties for the dissolved hydrogen sulfide neutralization in wastewater. It is summarized that sodium ferrite can be one of the perspective reagents for hydrogen sulfide removal. The desulfurization process efficiency depends on the Fe(OH)3 activity formed during sodium ferrite hydrolysis. The sodium ferrite synthesis with the help of thermal interaction of iron oxide with soda as well as sintering of iron sands (alumina production waste) with soda is described herein. The X-ray diffraction analysis results for the products obtained showed that sodium ferrite monophase was formed at 900 oC and exposure time of 1 h, whereas the compound Na(Fe0,75Al0,25)O2 that is an isomorphous mixture of ferrite and sodium aluminate was formed under optimal process parameters – 1000 oC and exposure time of 1 h, when the reactive iron oxide was replaced with ferrous sands. The phase transformation of the furnace charge consisting of iron sands and soda was studied with the use of differential thermal analysis, and the formation of the Na(Fe0,75Al0,25)O2 compound was established. A complex iron-containing coagulant for tests intended to treat wastewater from hydrogen sulfide was obtained with the use of sodium ferrite.

In the article the shows the role of dialectics in the formation of theoretical geology. A separate geological form of the motion of matter was revealed. It is certain that the movement of matter as a whole and the geological form of the movement of matter occurs cyclically and due to the expansion of matter itself with the pulsating nature of the processes occurring in it in certain cycles.

This paper presents the results of studying the features of formation and mineral composition of secondary quartzites of the Alkamergen deposit (Pavlodar region) through mineralogical and petrographic studies of samples on an automated diffractometer. The hydrothermal-altered rocks of the deposit, which are represented by medium-temperature secondary quartzites of the alunite facies, have been studied. The results of the research made it possible to establish the genetic features of the formation of the Alkamergen deposit. In terms of rock composition and ore mineralization, this object is a typical representative of acid-sulfate type deposits.