The accuracy of classification and localization of plants on images obtained from the board of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is of great importance when implementing precision farming technologies. It allows for the effective application of variable rate technologies, which not only saves chemicals but also reduces the environmental load on cultivated fields. Machine learning algorithms are widely used for plant classification. Research on the application of the YOLO algorithm is conducted for simultaneous identification, localization, and classification of plants. However, the quality of the algorithm significantly depends on the training set. The aim of this study is not only the detection of a cultivated plant (soybean) but also weeds growing in the field. The dataset developed in the course of the research allows for solving this issue by detecting not only soybean but also seven weed species common in the fields of Kazakhstan. The article describes an approach to the preparation of a training set of images for soybean fields using preliminary thresholding and bound box (Bbox) segmentation of marked images, which allows for improving the quality of plant classification and localization. The conducted research and computational experiments determined that Bbox segmentation shows the best results. The quality of classification and localization with the application of Bbox segmentation significantly increased (f1 score increased from 0.64 to 0.959, mAP50 from 0.72 to 0.979); for a cultivated plant (soybean), the best classification results known to date were achieved with the application of YOLOv8x on images obtained from the UAV, with an f1 score = 0.984. At the same time, the plant detection rate increased by 13 times compared to the model proposed earlier in the literature. © 2025 by the authors.

This study analyzes the spatial aggregation and activity of the urban population in Almaty using anonymized population density data provided by a telecommunications operator and geographic data from OpenStreetMap. The study focuses on identifying stable zones of high population activity, which facilitates the optimization of transport routes, urban infrastructure planning, and the efficient allocation of city resources. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of aggregated spatiotemporal data with advanced clustering methods, including DBSCAN, KMeans++, and agglomerative clustering. The research methodology involves dividing the city into 500 × 500 m quadrants, calculating normalized population density metrics, and identifying high-activity clusters. Based on a comparative analysis of clustering algorithms, DBSCAN exhibited the highest clustering quality according to the silhouette coefficient and the Davies–Bouldin index, allowing for the identification of key zones of urban activity. The identified clusters were utilized to assess transport load, analyze disparities in the distribution of public transport stops, and develop recommendations to improve public transport accessibility in the most congested areas. The study’s findings are applicable not only to optimizing the transport network but also to addressing a broader range of urban planning challenges, including the strategic placement of infrastructure facilities and the management of population flows. The proposed methodology is scalable and can be adapted to other cities requiring effective tools for analyzing the spatiotemporal activity of urban populations. © 2025 by the authors.

In this work, a method of regenerative braking of an electric scooter was developed. Regenerative braking of electric vehicles is the basis for energy saving cars and environmental protection. A stand was made for the study of a magnets and an ionistor. In the proposed method, an ionistor is additionally connected in parallel to the battery, which charges faster than the battery, so the process of accelerating the electric vehicle after stopping also occurs faster. It should also be noted that if emergency braking is necessary to stop an electric vehicle, the driver can press the brake pedal and stop the car using brake pads. The paper investigates the method of the element base for the vehicle, as well as control. To develop this study, an electric scooter was chosen as an electric vehicle model. The dependences of the electric current on the operating time of the ionistor in three positions are determined. During the actual speed of the electric scooter corresponds to the controlled speed. © 2023, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

We study the long-run persistence of relative economic well-being under adverse government policies using a combination of historical and contemporaneous data from Kyrgyzstan. After controlling for unobservable local effects, the economic well-being of Kyrgyz households in the 2010s correlates with the early twentieth-century average wealth of their tribes. Inequality at the tribe level in the 2010s correlates with wealth inequality in the early twentieth century. The likely channels of persistence are the inter-generational transmission of human capital, relative status, political power and cultural traits. Transmission of material wealth, differences in natural endowments or geographic sorting cannot explain persistence. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Economic Society.

The article presents the organoleptic and physicochemical (humidity and strength) quality indicators of pasta with the addition of millet at 7.7, and 15.5%, as a new recipe for pasta production. Millets can be used to supplement pasta because of their superior nutritional value and health advantages. On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Eurasian Economic Union, the quality indicators were calculated while taking into account the practices outlined in the standardized documents. Express drying, accelerated drying, drying to a constant mass, and employing the MA-30 "SARTORIUS" apparatus following interstate standards were all employed. The study aimed to achieve appropriate organoleptic quality indicators and physicochemical indicators of humidity up to 28% (after processing pasta with the addition of millet 7.7, and 15.5%. Approximately 100 trials were carried out at the Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of the Bakery Industry" Russian Federation, Moscow. According to the study's findings, all quality indicators are within acceptable ranges, except for pasta with the addition of millet 23.3%, recipes for pasta with the addition of millet have been developed, a utility model patent has been obtained in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 7071, issued by the Republican State Enterprise on the right of economic management "National Institute of Intellectual Property". In conclusion, pasta recipes with the addition of millet have been developed. According to the study's findings, all quality indicators are within acceptable limits except pasta with the addition of millet, which accounts for 23.3% of the total. © 2023 Authors, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

In this paper, the results from a study of the products obtained by vacuum–thermal processing of industrial copper telluride in an inert atmosphere at a pressure of 66 Pa and a temperature of 1100 °C are presented. The residue obtained mainly consisted of the copper(I) oxide phase. The condensate was represented by the phases CuTe2O5, CuO·CuTeO3, TeO2, SiO2, and CuTe2Cl. The vapor phase condensed in four temperature zones, each represented by a different phase composition. A monophase of tellurium oxide was identified in the condensate at temperatures of 150 to 270 °C. The obtained data contribute to expanding scientific knowledge and form the basis for developing a new, environmentally safe method of processing tellurium-containing middling. The creation of new technologies promotes increased efficiency of tellurium recovery and reduces environmental risks. © 2025 by the authors.

The binary intermetallic compound of beryllium and titanium (Be12Ti) is an advanced material for DEMO-type fusion reactors as a neutron multiplier in breeder blankets. Titanium beryllide has a high melting point (∼1873 K), high oxidation resistance and low swelling, which makes it attractive for use in fission and fusion reactors. The study of its behavior in a radiation field is of utmost importance from the point of view of practical application of titanium beryllide in nuclear installations. Based on this, at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Kazakhstan), R&D is underway to characterization of industrial fabricated titanium beryllide (Be12Ti) at JSC “Ulba Metallurgical Plant” (Kazakhstan). Titanium beryllide samples were irradiated in the WWR-K reactor core to accumulate two integral neutron fluences of 1.6 × 1025 m-2 and 2.3 × 1025 m-2, in an inert environment and at low temperature to minimize gas migration from the samples. The present work presents the results of post reactor studies to determine the amount of generated tritium and helium in irradiated Be12Ti samples. The studies were carried out by thermodesorption spectrometry (TDS) method with mass-spectra control of gas composition. Mass spectra of gas extraction from titanium beryllide irradiated to different neutron fluences and heated up to 1173–1223 K at different heating rates (5, 10, 20 K/min) are presented. The kinetic parameters of tritium desorption from Be12Ti were determined, and the activation energy was estimated for each fluence achieved. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

This study is concerned with the analysis of fitness centre architecture, with a particular focus on the integration of modern technologies with traditional design approaches. The objective was to examine the impact of contemporary architectural trends and technologies, including Building Information Modeling and artificial intelligence, on spatial solutions, functionality, and sustainability in the context of fitness centres. A comparative analysis was conducted between historical examples of Soviet-era sports complexes, which were imbued with ideological significance, and modern fitness centres, which are oriented towards the comfort and individual needs of users. The findings demonstrate that the process of globalisation has exerted a considerable influence on the standardisation of fitness centre design, frequently resulting in the erosion of national architectural characteristics. However, innovative approaches, such as the use of environmentally friendly materials and the integration of energy-efficient technologies, have been identified as pivotal to the development of modern fitness centres that are aligned with the needs of urban spaces. Based on an analysis of trends in various countries, recommendations were made for the creation of inclusive, eco-friendly, and innovative training spaces that support both social integration and individual goals. This study makes a significant contribution to architectural practice by offering ways to improve the efficiency of fitness centres through the use of modern technologies, the preservation of local cultural features, and the creation of comfortable environments for all visitors.

This study presents the effect of inert gas flow inlet positioning and orientation on the conversion efficiency of the proposed solar thermochemical reactor for hydrogen production. The nitrogen gas was used as (i) a reducing agent, (ii) a cooling agent to control the porous matrix temperature and (iii) removing oxygen from the STCR chamber. The result of the study demonstrates that the highest average temperature yield of 1570 K occurred at an inlet position of 10 mm with a 75° inclination, while 1665 K was obtained at an inlet position of 10 mm with a 90° inclination. Additionally, a temperature of 1353 K was achieved at an inlet position of 12 mm with a 75° inclination, both radially (for 20 mm thickness) and axially (over 80 mm length) along the centerline of the STCR chamber (extending 125 mm in length). The optimized inlet positioning and orientation provided the improved design of the solar thermochemical reactor (STCR) chamber capable of achieving the uniform solar flux profile and high-temperature distribution in the porous media to successfully carry out the redox reactions and achieve high solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2024.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the current state of water consumption and wastewater disposal systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) in order to identify problem areas and develop recommendations for improving water resources management. The study used analytical, functional, and statistical methods, classification, synthesis. The study of excess and actual indicators of water consumption and disposal in the RK was conducted in order to analyse the efficiency of water resources use and management of water supply and disposal in the country. To achieve this goal, data on water consumption and wastewater treatment systems in different regions of Kazakhstan were collected and analysed. The study results showed that there are irregularities in the use of water resources between different regions of the country. Some regions are experiencing excessive water consumption, which may lead to a shortage of resources in the future, while other regions have problems with insufficient availability of clean water. Important conclusions of the study are the need to develop more effective water management strategies, considering the characteristics of different regions, and attention to environmental and social aspects of water use and disposal. Such measures can contribute to a more sustainable use of water resources in the RK. © 2024, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd. All rights reserved.