The Zaysan Basin is a petroliferous basin in eastern Kazakhstan. Its upper Carboniferous–Permian sedimentary succession outcrops in the Kenderlyk Trough and includes, from base to top, the Kenderlyk, Karaungur, Tarancha, and Maychat formations, which contain 5 to 65 m-thick oil shale deposits—the principal subject of this study. Results from 49 outcrop samples show high total organic carbon (TOC) contents (1.2–21%, mean 7.8%), extract yields (1.2–15 mg HC/g rock, mean 6.8 mg HC/g rock), and ultimate expulsion potential (UEP; up to 23 mmboe/km2), making these oil shale deposits among the best source rocks in the world. Sedimentological, organic geochemical and organic petrographic analyses suggest an overall evolution of the basin from a deep/semi-deep lake during deposition of the Kenderlyk, Karaungur, and Tarancha formations to a deltaic setting during deposition of the Maychat Formation. The organic material in the Kenderlyk, Karaungur, and Tarancha formations is predominately composed of Type I and mixed I/III kerogens with high hydrocarbon generation potential (S1 + S2; up to 172.8 mg HC/g rock), high hydrogen index (HI; up to 838 mg HC/g TOC), and low oxygen index (OI; < 60 mg CO2/g TOC). The sporadic influx of terrigenous organic matter resulted in layers with lower HI and higher OI index, and increased inertinite and vitrinite contents. The Maychat Formation includes hydrogen-poor Type III kerogen with low HI (< 200 mg HC/g TOC) and high OI index (> 60 mg CO2/g TOC) in the Kenderlyk Trough. While a highly oxidizing environment during deposition of the Maychat Formation is postulated for the Kenderlyk Trough, it is likely that oxygen-depleted conditions in the depocenter of the Zaysan Basin favored accumulation of Type I kerogen. The oil-source correlation shows that the produced oils are chemically distinct from the source rock extracts of the Kenderlyk, Karaungur, and Tarancha formations. We propose that these source rocks are “massive”, where the retention of generated oil is too high, causing the hydrocarbons to “bleed” from the source rock's edge only. The expelled oil has probably charged the lower Permian deposits, which have not yet been explored. Regional geological cross-sections and seismic lines allow for selecting sweet spots, characterized by high TOC, yields, and temperatures needed for oil generation and unconventional hydrocarbon resource development. This study provides the play concept and a risk assessment analogue for tectonically and magmatically dynamic settings and basins with multiple organic rich strata. Furthermore, the results and proposed concepts may play a significant role in future petroleum exploration and development activities in the Zaysan Basin. In addition, this highly multidisciplinary study emphasizes the significance of integrating several data sources and weighing contradictory information to get the most reasonable conclusion.

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) suffers from the loss of perilous data packets and disruption of links due to the fast movement of vehicles and dynamic network topology. Moreover, the reliability of the vehicular network is also threatened by malicious vehicles and messages. The malicious vehicle can promulgate fake messages to the node to misguide it, which may result in the loss of precious lives. In this situation, maintaining efficient, reliable, and secure communication among automobiles is of extreme importance, especially for a densely populated network. One of the remedies is vehicular clustering, which can effectively perform in a high-density network. However, secure cluster formation and cluster optimization are important factors to consider during the clustering process because non-optimal clusters may incur high end-to-end communication delays and produce overhead on the network. In addition, malicious nodes and packets reduce passenger and driver safety, increase road accidents, and waste passenger and driver time. To this end, we employ Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) to design a secure intelligent clustering named AOACNET. AOA is used to achieve optimality of vehicular clusters. During cluster formation, the algorithm prevents unauthentic nodes from becoming cluster members by taking into consideration the performance value of each automobile. The vehicle’s performance value is based on the record of data transmission. If a vehicle transmits a fake message, it will receive a penalty of (-1), and in the case of transmitting a legitimate message, a reward of (+1) will be assigned to the vehicle. Initially, all the vehicles have equal performance value which either increase or decrease based on communication with their peers. The vehicles will become cluster members only if their performance value is greater than the threshold value (0). AOACNET is tested in MATLAB using various evaluation metrics (i.e., number of clusters, load balancing, computational time, network overhead and delay). The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs up to 25% better than the similar contenders in terms of designated optimization objectives. Copyright: © 2024 Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Heavy metal pollution, particularly chromium (Cr), poses a significant environmental challenge. This study addresses this issue by developing a novel composite adsorbent consisting of diatomite (DE), Fe3O4, and an activated carbon from teff straw (TSAC). The nanocomposite was characterized, exploiting FT-IR, BET, SEM, and XRD analyses, revealing a substantial BET surface area of 347.45 m2/g. Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was exploited to optimize adsorption parameters, including pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and adsorption time. Optimal conditions yielded a removal efficiency of 93.28 % at pH 4, an adsorbent dose of 0.024 g/100 mL, an initial Cr(VI) level of 15 mg/L, and an adsorption time of 60 min. The results showed that the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, along with Toth model, best matched the data. This implies that both monolayer and heterogeneous surface adsorptions are the main mechanism, with a maximal sorption capacity of 131 mg/g and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic analyses uncovered the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the Cr (VI) adsorption by DE/Fe3O4/TSAC. The composite's recyclability was demonstrated over five cycles, maintaining significant removal efficiency. Such findings highlight the potentials of the DE/Fe3O4/TSAC composite for effective Cr (VI) removal from water, offering a promising solution to mitigate chromium pollution. © 2025 The Author(s)

Oily sludge is a solid emulsified waste created by the petroleum industry. Solid particles, crude oil, and water comprise most of their composition. Because it contains high concentrations of cycloalkanes, benzene series, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and other harmful and hazardous substances, it poses a severe risk to human health and the environment. It must be treated to reduce its toxicity. However, crude oil is a significant component of oily sludge and has a high recycling value. As a result, numerous procedures for extracting crude oil from oily sludge have been developed, including solvent extraction, pyrolysis, centrifugation, ultrasonic treatment, electronic treatment, flotation, supercritical treatment, and combination processes. The primary purpose of this review is to describe the evolution of various recycling technologies and to compare their benefits, drawbacks, and ways of action. This concept is expected to be the cornerstone for future recycling technology development. © 2023, Gadjah Mada University. All rights reserved.

Kazakhstan is facing increasing water scarcity due to climate change and transboundary international water diversions. For this reason, low-quality water with high mineral content needs to be increasingly used in the future. A way to improve water quality for consumptive use is membrane treatment technology. In view of this, we investigated a new type of synthetic spatial-globular structure (SGS) polymers as a pre-treatment to reverse osmosis membrane filtration to increase its efficiency and service life. SGS polymer filters can be used as a pretreatment unit before ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, providing filtration, suspended solids retention, and water softening. The investigated SGS polymer reduced the Ca content in the source water from 390 to about 1 mg/L with a purification effect of 99.7 %. The treatment as indicated by the contamination index Ф of the filters showed that the overall cleaning effect was 90 % or more. Thus, the use of the new pre-filtering SGS material with ion-exchange and sorption properties displayed good improvement for drinking water treatment and it can be used to increase the life of membrane devices. © 2024

The present study serves experimental and theoretical analyses in developing a hybrid advanced structure as a photolysis, which is based on electrospun Graphene Oxide-titanium dioxide (GO-TiO2) nanofibers as an electron transfer material (ETMs) functionalized for perovskite solar cell (PVSCs) with GO. The prepared ETMs were utilized for the synthesis of mixed-cation (FAPbI3)0.8(MAPbBr3)0.2. The effect of GO on TiO2 and their chemical structure, electronic and morphological characteristic were investigated and discussed. The elaborated device, namely ITO/Bl-TiO2/3 wt% GO-TiO2/(FAPbI3)0.8(MAPbBr3)0.2/spiro-MeTAD/Pt, displayed 20.14% disposition and conversion solar energy with fill factor (FF) of 1.176%, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 20.56 mA/cm2 and open circuit voltage (VOC) 0.912 V. The obtained efficiency is higher than titanium oxide (18.42%) and other prepared GO-TiO2 composite nanofibers based ETMs. The developed materials and device would facilitate elaboration of advanced functional materials and devices for energy storage applications. © 2024 The Authors

In this scientific research work, the problem of studying the process of removing water-containing iron solutions with an Etro-04 device based on high-frequency corona discharge is considered. In the research work, a special Etro-04 ozonator device was developed for the oxidation of heavy metals, i.e. chemical pollutants contained in water. Work on testing the device was carried out in order to clean the underground water “Aktogay wide place”. During the research work, various painful heavy metals were found in the composition of the source water that do not meet the maximum permissible (MPC). For example, iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) solutions met 2.00 – 2.2 mg/l. This means that the MPC is 7 times more than the specified value. In order to solve this problem, research work was carried out. During the technological process, various amounts of ozone (O3) were released into the water, the amount and effective economic indicators of which were determined. In the same way, the effective time of the oxidation and cleaning process was determined. During the research process, an algorithm of theoretical calculations was developed and a mathematical model was given to bring 1m3 of groundwater to a fixed indicator. In order to determine the effectiveness of cleaning the iron contained in the water by the concentration of ozone and the filter load, water filtration works were carried out at different speeds of 5.5-9.5 m/h. For example, with an ozone content of C =100 mg/l and a filtration rate of 9.5 m/h, you can see that the iron content in water is purified by 30% percent, 8.5 m/h – 55% percent, 7.5 m/h-77% percent, and 5.5 m/h-90% percent. Experimentally and theoretically, it was found that Iron solutions with water content were purified by 98-98.7% percent, respectively, with an ozone concentration of C = 500-600 mg/l and a filtration rate of 5.5 m/h. © 2023, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

This article delves into the intricate interplay between terrorism, its ideological underpinnings, and their intersection with theology within a national context. Employing the principles of activity, historicism, system-structural, and comparative methods, this research scrutinizes the essence of terrorism as a unified entity shaped by its ideological roots and theological influences. The primary findings highlight terrorism as a complex, systematically organized phenomenon, shedding light on its evolution from antecedent forms of destructive activities. Moreover, the study elucidates the constitution of terrorism, emphasizing its distinct ideological and theological dimensions, unravelling their profound impact on the national landscape. The implications of this study are far-reaching. Firstly, it contributes significantly to the theoretical advancements in understanding terrorism, extremism, and radicalism. Secondly, it offers actionable insights for practical interventions aimed at preempting and dismantling terrorist groups and cells. Lastly, it enriches educational curricula across disciplines like social philosophy, sociology, political science, and psychology. The novelty of this study lies in its holistic approach, viewing terrorism as an integrated system, and uncovering the evolutionary trajectory from earlier forms of destructive behavior. By exploring the amalgamation of ideology and theology within terrorism, this research breaks new ground, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing this complex socio-political phenomenon. © 2023 Open Access/Author/s - Online @ http//: www.pharosjot.com

The g-C3N4 (GCN) adsorbent with two different morphologies, coral (CGCN) and nano fiber (GCNNF), was synthesized and recruited for extraction and preconcentration of lead and copper metal ions by effervescent salt-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction procedure. The structures of the two adsorbents were affirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency were carefully studied and the optimum values of the parameters for both adsorbents were pH 6.5, adsorbent dosage 8 mg, desorption time 3 min, and the elution solvent 300 μL of 2 mol L−1 of HNO3. The detection limits of Pb(II (and Cu(II) ions for CGCN were 0.9 and 0.3 μgL−1 and for GCNNF were 1.56 and 0.7 μgL−1, respectively. The percent relative standard deviations were obtained to be 1.32% and 2.23% for CGCN (n = 3) and 1.24% and 2.29% for GCNNF (n = 3), respectively for the lead and copper metal ions. In addition, the adsorbents could be used up to 7 times without an imperative reduction in the percentages of analytes recovery. Finally, the performance of CGCN and GCNNF were used for preconcentrate of lead and copper ions in honey, canned fish, and human hair samples. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This article discusses the current problem of industrial waste disposal and its use in the production of building materials, which corresponds to the global concept of sustainable development. Attention is mainly paid to the development of a gruntosilicate composite (concrete) based on a mineral slag binder using drilling sludge from the mining industry, ashes from thermal power plants and electrothermophosphoric slag. Physico-chemical studies of man-made raw materials have been carried out, including analysis of chemical and mineralogical composition, granulometric characteristics, radiation safety and other parameters. It has been established that drilling mud, thermal power plant ash and electrothermophosphoric slag meet the requirements for use in building materials and belong to non-hazardous waste. The optimal ratios of the components in the composition of gruntosilicate concrete have been experimentally determined. The highest compressive strength (3.0–3.5 MPa) is achieved with a drilling mud content of 15–23% and a mineral slag binder of 10–20%. It is shown that the introduction of these wastes improves the structure of the material, reduces shrinkage deformations and ensures compliance with the requirements of road surfaces of the II–III classes. The use of industrial waste in construction will reduce the cost of raw materials by approximately 10–30%, reduce the environmental burden and solve the problem of waste disposal. The results of the study demonstrate the prospects of creating a waste-processing industry capable of processing up to 40% of industrial waste into building materials. © 2025 by the authors.