On the way to Energy Transition, the Geothermal Energy Production (GEP) has accelerated in the regions of elevated subsurface temperatures recently. With groundwater temperatures reaching 1030C at 3000 m and natural hot springs, the Ily Basin in south-east Kazakhstan can become a good candidate for GEP if a sustainable approach is applied. The current study summarizes knowledge and showcases new data on Upper Cretaceous formation water in the eastern Ily Basin that is currently used mostly for greenhouse and fishfarm heating, and balneology. Water chemistry and tritium data show that recent meteoric waters are probably not the main source of recharge as it has been assumed for many years. If an average of 40 l/s of water production per well is assumed, a heat power of up to 1.5 MWel. can be harvested during cold time if a 10% efficient Binary Organic Rankine cycle is applied. © EAGE Global Energy Transition, GET 2022.All rights reserved

The article presents the results of studies of the assessment of multi year dynamics of the volume of transboundary inflow of toxic compounds to the territory of Kazakhstan along the Zhaiyk River: synthetic surfactants, petroleum products, phenols, boron and a number of heavy metals. On the basis of analysis of long-term material of the State monitoring of “Kazhydromet” RSE, the volume of transboundary inflow and peculiarities of transformation of toxic compounds runoff along the river flow are considered, also taking into account natural and anthropogenic factors influence. A study of the environmental contaminants present in the territory of Kazakhstan reveals the presence of priority pollutants, including phenols, petroleum products, iron, and hexavalent chromium. The significant level of river water contamination by these toxic compounds is attributable to two primary factors: transboundary runoff and the entry of industrial and other wastewater into the river system within the Republic’s territory. The maximum runoff of toxic compounds in the country is observed during the spring season. This phenomenon is attributed to the occurrence of spring floods, which serve to exacerbate denudation processes within the catchment area of the river. The elevated levels of hexavalent chromium in the water of the Zhaiyk river are associated with the presence of tailing ponds and other facilities of industrial enterprises, both in Kazakhstan and Russia. The data with references to the works of leading scientists of the Russian Federation are given. This data includes information about determining influence of numerous objects of mining and metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation and also the technogenic metamorphization of chemical composition of water in the upper reaches of the Zhaiyk River. The article shows the role of transboundary f low of the Zhaiyk River as the main factor in the formation of the regime of toxic substances on the territory of Kazakhstan. The work quantifies the volume of transboundary inflow of these compounds and its seasonal dynamics. © 2025, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

In Kazakhstan, more than 70 engineering anti-sedimentation protective structures are operated, most of which were put into operation in the period 1974–1985. During the same time, more than 30 mudflows were registered in the basins of mudflows, many of which were accompanied by the removal of a large amount of solid material to the protective structures, and the issues of cleaning mudflows by excavators are annual planned work of the operational divisions of Kazselezashchita. The main type of engineering protection is the construction of capital dams with village storages capable of accommodating from 100 thousand m3 to 15 million m3 of mudflow. The types of structures are different: Dams of settling tanks and sections of stabilized channels within cities and settlements, for safe passage of post-mudflows and nanowater flows. In connection with their long-term operation, the issue of frequency, methods and means of mechanization of cleaning of silos, settling tanks, selesbass paths, and the amount of annual costs for work becomes more and more urgent. However, the issues of operating dams in the conditions of annual nanowater floods, the development of modern technologies and means of mechanization of cleaning silos from coarse clastic soils are very relevant. The value of the work consists in the development of the design and manufacture of a prototype, methods for calculating and selecting the parameters of the bucket of an excavator with a hydraulically controlled jaw for excavation during the development of large-fragment inclusions of mudslides. © 2023, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

This research focuses on enhancing the security of decentralized quantum key distribution (QKD) networks, where the absence of a central authority creates significant challenges such as malicious node infiltration, undetected key leakage, and unauthorized re-entry of revoked participants. Traditional authentication and trust models are insufficient for fully distributed QKD topologies, which remain highly vulnerable to insider threats and persistent compromise. To address these risks, let’s propose a layered security framework composed of three integrated components: Challenge-Response Authentication (CRA), Dynamic Trust Scoring (DTS), and Blockchain-Based Access Control (BBAC). CRA verifies node legitimacy through randomized quantum-state interactions, significantly reducing impersonation and quantum replay attacks. DTS implements real-time trust evaluation using anomaly detection to dynamically downgrade compromised nodes based on their behavioral deviations. BBAC maintains an immutable and tamper-proof trust ledger to block revoked nodes from re-entering under falsified identities and resists Sybil attacks using post-quantum cryptographic primitives. Simulation results confirm that the system improves detection rates of covert threats, ensures authentication latency under 10 ms, and reduces re-entry success to zero. The proposed architecture ensures long-term scalability and resilience, making it applicable to critical domains such as finance, national infrastructure, and military communication. This work contributes a novel, verifiable, and scalable solution to one of the most pressing open problems in distributed quantum networks Copyright © 2025, Authors.

The combustion of pyrolysis oil in industrial gas turbines utilizing biofuel represents a renewable energy source that originates from biomass waste. This combustion process presents a viable alternative to fossil fuels in industrial applications, contributing to a decrease in carbon emissions and mitigating greenhouse gas effects. An analysis of thermal and hydrodynamic factors is essential for comprehending how different combustion capacities and pyrolysis geometries like length, width, and storage volume affect system performance. This study aims to investigate how different variations of the k-ω viscosity model (k-ω Standard, SST, GEKO, and BSL) affect the pyrolysis combustion process of a gas-fired industrial burner with capacities of 200 kW, 700 kW, and 1000 kW. Numerical studies employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were carried out to ascertain the optimal thermal and hydraulic performance. The findings indicate that the k-ω standard viscous model produces the most favorable outcomes, with SST, GEKO, and BSL following closely, evaluated on parameters including air flow rate, maximum wall temperature, coefficient of heat transfer, and Nusselt number. Therefore, the k-ω standard numerical model, which has a combustion capacity of 1000 kW, is applicable for the geometric calculations of various pyrolysis gas-fired industrial burners. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2025.

Review and Justify use of new alternative way of gold ore transportation on high altitude mining operations in Kyrgyzstan in prime purpose of the study. Glaciers of Kyrgyzstan are main source of fresh water supply in Central Asia. Local ecosystem preservation is important part of metal mining in Kyrgyzstan and specific needs of nomads should be taken in the account. Novelty of study is preliminary assessment of mine in Kyrgyzstan for potential gravity energy by loading and dumping point's GPS coordinates are taken on site and review of appropriate technologies for ore transportation in order to reduce carbon emissions. Aerial ropeway specific energy consumption formula and recuperating ropeway system from previous studies are reviewed and used in study. Improvement of existing mine operations by improving transportation practices should be further studied. The design and maintenance of haul roads may allow to reduce diesel fuel consumption by 10% and more. Preliminary potential energy for recuperation by aerial ropeway application in Jerooy and Jamgyr gold mines of Kyrgyzstan are identified. Energy recuperating aerial ropeway system with fuel cells can be strategically long-term preferred solution for mines in Kyrgyzstan located in high altitude. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Today, digital transformation has a significant impact on the structure of trade, consumer behaviour and macroeconomic indicators, especially in developing countries. This study aims to assess the impact of dig-italisation on the development of electronic commerce in Kazakhstan and its relationship with macroeco-nomic indicators, as well as to predict the dynamics of e-commerce using regression and time analysis. The official statistical data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bank, as well as international organisations (the World Bank, ITU) were used as source data. The research methodology includes descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS, as well as forecasting the volume of electronic commerce using the ARIMA. The results showed a high correlation between the volume of e-commerce and the level of Internet penetration (r = 0.83), the number of users (r = 0.85), as well as the volume of cross-border trade (r = 0.95). Multiple regression showed that e-commerce in the service sector (β = 0.707, p < 0.001) and the share of e-commerce in the retail structure (β = 0.347, p = 0.003) had the most significant impact. The results of the study emphasise the need to review the marketing strategies of enterprises, develop digital infrastructure and improve government policy in the field of cross-border electronic commerce. In future work, it is advisable to use microdata to include behavioural factors, as well as expand time series and apply nonlinear models, including structural shifts, to analyse the impact of digitalisation on trade more accurately. © Institute of Economics Committee of Science MSHE RK, 2025.

The construction of residential buildings and structures is a complex process in which the economic component plays a key role. It is essential to maintain a balance between saving construction materials and the costs of additional engineering solutions while ensuring the functionality and comfort of the building’s operation. To achieve this goal, researchers initially analyze the impact of the climatic environment and spatial planning solutions—i.e., building shapes—that directly affect the building compactness ratio when evaluating the efficiency of the designed building. In this regard, the objective of this study was to analyze the shapes and orientations of buildings in the Republic of Kazakhstan across eight territorial units located in the I, III, and IV climatic zones between latitudes 42°18′ and 52°16′ N. The study identified the most favorable building orientations for each climatic zone: the meridional orientation is preferable for the I and III zones, while the latitudinal orientation is optimal for the IV zone. Four residential building shapes—square, rectangular, cylindrical, and triangular—were analyzed based on a floor area of 1000 m2 and a building volume of 3000 m3 during the coldest five-day period and the hottest month. According to the specific thermal characteristic values, it was found that a cylindrical residential building is 1.1, 1.37, and 1.27 times more efficient than square, rectangular, and triangular residential buildings, respectively. Additionally, the compactness ratio was determined for different residential building shapes and heights, ranging from 8 to 16 floors in increments of four floors. The results showed that under these conditions, the compactness ratio increases by an average of 1.3 times due to the increase in the area of external walls. However, if the initial condition is changed to account solely for the floor area, the compactness ratio decreases by up to 2.3 times. The conducted research shows that when solving the problem of the energy efficiency of a building, taking into account shapes and orientations, it is necessary to carry out a full assessment of the specified energy efficiency parameter depending on the expected results, which requires a comprehensive analysis to achieve energy-efficient buildings. At the same time, the results of this study will be used and will positively complement the results of a comprehensive study by the authors on the development of energy-efficient exterior enclosing structures, which, together with general solutions, will significantly affect the thermal balance of the building and complement the research conducted earlie

This article explores the efficiency of using ozone and electrical discharge methods to remove heavy metals from groundwater. Industrial and agricultural waste contaminates groundwater, leading to high concentrations of heavy metals like Cu, Fe+2, and Fe+3, which pose significant threats to human health and the environment. The objective of this work is to clean contaminated groundwater using an environmentally friendly method that does not require additional chemical reagents. During the study, as the ozone concentration increased from 100 to 500 g/hour and the pH level rose to 7.5, the concentration of Cu ions decreased from 1.20 g/hour to 0.57 g/hour, and Fe+2 reduced from 5.00 g/hour to 0.92 g/hour. The purification efficiency increased with Cu from 75% to 99%, Fe+2 from 35% to 98%, and Fe+3 was entirely removed (100%). Groundwater in Kopa village of the Ayagoz district is characterized by excessive levels of copper ions, and this method demonstrated high effectiveness in addressing the ecological issue. During the purification process, a high sediment yield was observed, significantly improving water quality. The study concludes that ozone and electrical discharge are effective, positioning this method as a promising technology for improving groundwater quality in Kazakhstan and other regions. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

This study presents the level of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution in the transboundary Ile River in 2015, 2018, 2019, 2023, and 2024. PCB contamination of water, as well as the presence of a large number of individual congeners, including strictly controlled ‘marker’ and dioxin-like congeners, were detected along the entire length of the river within Kazakhstan. Water samples were analyzed using a Chromos GH-1000 gas chromatograph. Significant interannual variability of river water contamination and a noticeable decrease in 2023 and 2024 compared to the previous periods have been identified. The study examined the PCB concentration transformation in the Ile River, from the transboundary section to the river’s confluence with Lake Balkhash, assessing not only fluctuations in total PCB concentration, but also their congener composition. The main natural and anthropogenic PCB sources and factors causing the transformation of the toxicant along the river course were identified. The total amount of transboundary PCB discharge both into Kazakhstan and into Lake Balkhash was calculated. The results can be used by state and local environmental protection agencies for the development of measures to protect rivers from pollution by these highly toxic pollutants, which is in line with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. © 2025 by the authors.