In this work, optical properties of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with planar and nanorod-based SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs) are studied and their photovoltaic parameters are compared using computer simulation methods. It is found that nanorod-based SnO2 ETLs improve the light harvesting ability of device. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are still lower than those with thin planar SnO2 ETLs. © 2023 IEEE.

This study aims to enhance terrorism financing detection mechanisms by analyzing existing patterns in financial transactions. Utilizing advanced data analysis techniques and machine learning models, we identified significant transaction patterns indicative of terrorism financing activities. The proposed models demonstrated improved accuracy and efficiency over traditional detection methods. The findings have substantial implications for financial institutions and regulatory bodies in strengthening financial security and preventing illicit activities. © 2024 IEEE.

Herein, a comprehensive validation of the catalytic and sensing capabilities of gallium sulfide (GaS). This study focuses on the self-assembled heterostructure formed by GaS with its native oxide, revealing novel insights into the crucial role of defects, strain, and surface oxide phases in optimizing the behavior of 2D materials for catalytic and sensing applications. Although the energy barrier for water dissociation on pristine GaS surfaces is prohibitive (+419.3 kJ mol−1), surface sulfur vacancies considerably reduce this barrier, transforming defective GaS (GaSx) into an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media. Water dissociation is energetically favorable at room temperature on GaS0.96 surfaces (−147.6 kJ mol−1). Correspondingly, the differential free energy for HER on GaS0.96 in an alkaline medium is found to be −1.56 eV for the hydroxyl adsorption step and +1.28 eV for the desorption step, while all reaction steps are exothermic for its implementation as a catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). These theoretical models and surface-science experiments confirm that exposure of GaS surfaces to ambient conditions leads to the inevitable formation of a self-assembled nanoscale (≈3 nm thick) oxide skin. This native oxide layer stabilizes the surface and, moreover, it also significantly enhances its catalytic and sensing properties by providing additional active sites and improving charge transfer dynamics. The exceptional sensitivity (response of 18% at T = 150 °C) and selectivity for detecting ammonia (NH3) are attributed to both its high affinity for chemisorption and the significant charge-transfer interactions that enhance the sensor response.

The scientific research investigates the neutralization and purification process of harmful microorganisms present in surface water using an ozonator device, which operates based on a pilot electric discharge method. A pilot ozonator based on a special high-frequency electric discharge has been developed for disinfection and cleaning of harmful microorganisms found in surface water. In order to conduct practical tests on scientific research work, special water was taken from the Ili floodplain and an examination of the water composition was carried out. The examination results revealed the presence of several harmful microorganisms in the source water, surpassing the maximum allowable concentration (MPC). Effective economic indicators of ozone content (mg/l), contact time (t, minutes) and the like were determined for disinfection and removal of microorganisms from the water composition. In addition, an algorithm for theoretical calculations for the destruction of harmful microorganisms in 1m3 surface water was compiled and a mathematical model was given. © 2024, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a noticeable shortage of water resources, which is a consequence of the natural features of its territory and climate. In particular, there are big problems in the water supply to the Mangystau region. The main source of water in the region is the Samskoye groundwater field. In this work, the conditions of the Samskoye field are typified, the method and technological parameters for drilling a typical well are selected and substantiated. It has been established that rotary drilling with reverse circulation in the conditions of the Samskoye field has significant advantages. The maximum possible production rate of drilling with reverse circulation, taking into account the limited thickness of the aquifer, is 4.3 times higher than with rotary drilling with direct circulation and 2.5 times higher than with percussion drilling. With the same filter pipe diameter, the greatest possible thickness of the gravel pack layer in reverse circulation drilling is 15 times greater than for conventional rotary drilling and 3.7 times greater than for percussion drilling. Thus, the use of rotary drilling with reverse circulation will solve an important problem - the provision of domestic and drinking water supply to the area. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This scientific research focuses on the study of the disinfection process of harmful microorganisms found in the Vyacheslav Reservoir using the ETRO-02 ozonator installation based on pilot electrical corona discharge and ozone technology. The objective of the research is to determine the effectiveness of ozone technology in eliminating microorganisms in water and compare it with other disinfection methods. The materials and methods section reveals that ozone eliminates total coliform bacteria within 2-4 minutes at a rate of 99-100%, which is significantly faster than chloramine (which takes 15-30 minutes). Additionally, it was found that ozone decomposes into oxygen after use, leaving no harmful residues. The research results showed that ozone eliminates Clostridium spores by 85-90% within 10-15 minutes, while chloramine requires more time to reach the same efficiency. Ozone technology demonstrated an effectiveness of 95-99% at a pH range of 4.0-5.0, proving its suitability for different water conditions. Moreover, ozone works effectively under high temperatures and pressure. The findings indicated that at an ozone concentration of 1.0 mg/L, all harmful microorganisms in water are completely eliminated within 20 minutes. The research was conducted both theoretically and experimentally, with the mathematical model of water disinfection coded in Python. Mathematical calculations were performed using the SMath Solver software. In conclusion, ozone technology has been proven to be an effective, safe, and environmentally friendly method for water purification. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of ozone technology for water disinfection and to compare its efficiency with other disinfection methods. © 2025, Zibeline International Publishing Sdn. Bhd.. All rights reserved.

The destabilization of the geopolitical, socio-economic and security situation in the world has exacerbated the issue of sustainable development of regional economies and deepening their interaction. Ensuring the growth of the national economy as a whole and individual regions in particular makes the search for mechanisms aimed specifically at internal sources relevant. Spatial development is gaining particular importance due to the increasing role of transport infrastructure in ensuring the economic growth of regions. The socio-economic heterogeneity of regional systems plays a decisive role in the formation of mechanisms for ensuring economic growth, which determines the diversity and contradictions of the effects of transport infrastructure on them. This is expressed in the fact that similar infrastructure facilities in different regions can have different organizational and economic effects. Thus, the appearance of a road can lead to the acceleration of material flows, thereby contributing to the development of the region's economy, and on the other hand, can stimulate an accelerated outflow of population. At the same time, the principles of managing social development and economic growth of regions obtained in practice do not allow to take into account the functional diversity and inconsistency of the effects of transport infrastructure and thereby complicate the search for effective mechanisms for ensuring regional development. growth based on the development of transport infrastructure. Therefore, the study focuses on the actualization of the need to introduce innovative mechanisms into the economy of regions by determining the conditions necessary and sufficient for the implementation of the role of transport infrastructure as one of the sources of sustainable economic growth. In this regard, the knowledge of the essence and patterns of the mutual influence of transport and regional economic development is of great theoretical and practical interest. © Author(s) 2025. © Author(s) 2025. All rights reserved.

Sustainable copper extraction presents significant challenges due to waste generation and environmental impacts, requiring advanced predictive methodologies to optimize production processes. This study addresses a gap in applying deep learning to forecast hydrometallurgical copper production by comparing six recurrent neural network architectures: Vanilla LSTM, Stacked LSTM, Bidirectional LSTM, GRU, CNN-LSTM, and Attention LSTM. Using time-series data from a full-scale industrial operation, we implemented a data augmentation approach to overcome data scarcity limitations. The models were evaluated through rigorous metrics and multi-step forecasting tests. The results demonstrated remarkable performance from five architectures, with Bidirectional LSTM and Attention LSTM achieving the highest accuracy (RMSE < 0.004, R2 > 0.999, MAPE < 1%). These models successfully captured and reproduced complex cyclical patterns in copper mass production for up to 500 time steps ahead. The findings validate our data augmentation strategy for enabling models to learn complex known cyclical patterns from limited initial data and establish a promising foundation for implementing AI-driven predictive systems that can enhance process control, reduce waste, and advance sustainability in hydrometallurgical operations. However, these performance metrics reflect the models’ ability to reproduce patterns inherent in the augmented dataset derived from a single operational cycle; validation on entirely independent operational data is crucial for assessing true generalization and is a critical next step.

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the need to introduce a new educational approach to improve the quality of education. Purpose. Based on this, the purpose of the study was to analyse the functioning of innovative educational strategies that will provide an opportunity to form the necessary professional skills and abilities in students. Methodology. The following methods were used: the logical analysis, functional analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and others. In the course of the study, it was characterized the meta-subject approach; its main features, signs and principles of functioning in the educational environment were identified. Results. It has been found that students are given the opportunity to find new ways to solve problems due to the use of this method in the study of foreign languages. In turn, this allows students to develop communicative and professional skills, optimize the resources used and improve the efficiency of functioning of the educational sector. It has been considered various methods, approaches and techniques that allow students to form the necessary meta-subject skills. In the study, it was proposed a cognitive strategy for introducing the economic discourse “foreign economic activity”. It is worth noting that the study has provided the frame “negotiation strategy”, which has the prospect of being effectively implemented in the educational process. In addition, it has been proposed recommendations that would allow implementing the proposed strategies correctly and expediently in the training process and form meta-subject skills. Conclusions. The practical value of the results obtained lies in providing a plan and strategies to ensure the formation of meta-subject skills in students in a foreign language, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of educational system and form the future competitive specialists, considering the conditions modern of labor market. Copyright © The Author(s).

Nowadays, there is an interest in biomedical and nanobiotechnological studies, such as studies on carotenoids as antioxidants and studies on molecular markers for cardiovascular, endocrine, and oncological diseases. Moreover, interest in industrial production of microalgal biomass for biofuels and bioproducts has stimulated studies on microalgal physiology and mechanisms of synthesis and accumulation of valuable biomolecules in algal cells. Biomolecules such as neutral lipids and carotenoids are being actively explored by the biotechnology community. Raman spectroscopy (RS) has become an important tool for researchers to understand biological processes at the cellular level in medicine and biotechnology. This review provides a brief analysis of existing studies on the application of RS for investigation of biological, medical, analytical, photosynthetic, and algal research, particularly to understand how the technique can be used for lipids, carotenoids, and cellular research. First, the review article shows the main applications of the modified Raman spectroscopy in medicine and biotechnology. Research works in the field of medicine and biotechnology are analysed in terms of showing the common connections of some studies as caretenoids and lipids. Second, this article summarises some of the recent advances in Raman microspectroscopy applications in areas related to microalgal detection. Strategies based on Raman spectroscopy provide potential for biochemical-composition analysis and imaging of living microalgal cells, in situ and in vivo. Finally, current approaches used in the papers presented show the advantages, perspectives, and other essential specifics of the method applied to plants and other species/objects. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.