This paper discusses the study of parameters for improving the heat transfer of a borehole heat exchanger for a ground source heat pump application. The study of efficiency parameters was carried out based on an experimental prototype of a ground source heat pump developed by the authors. A mathematical model has been developed for calculating the efficiency of a ground heat exchanger based on three-dimensional equations of heat and mass transfer in a porous medium. The numerical solution was carried out using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The numerical calculation algorithm was verified by comparison with experimental data from the created prototype. Calculations were made of the efficiency of a borehole heat exchanger with various geometric configurations of the pipes in the well. With an increase in the tube diameter, the heat transfer increases. With a tube diameter of 40 mm, the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger was 42.4 W/m in the heat charging mode, which is 24% more with a diameter of 20 mm. With increasing well depth, the heat transfer efficiency increases. The influence of the thermal conductivity coefficients of the pipe material, grout material and various types of ground on the heat transfer efficiency was also studied. It was shown that with an increase in the thermal conductivity coefficients of grout and ground, the heat flux increases, but above 6.0 W/m K, the heat flux practically does not change. When the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the pipe material is higher than 1.0 W/m K, the heat fluxes almost do not change. In general, materials containing plastics are used for piping of ground heat exchangers, the thermal conductivity coefficients of which vary between 0.24-0.42 W/m K. © 2022 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University.

Background: Today, genomic changes are an important cause of the occurrence, growth and progression of cancer. Technological advances in cancer genomic analysis platforms have made it possible to identify genomic alterations that may influence response to lung cancer treatment. Methods: The study examined tumor growth-inhibiting oncogenes and genes responsible for cell growth and division to identify mutations characteristic of malignant lung tumors. The mutations were studied in 400 postoperative samples after amplifying p53 and HRAS fragments and p53, p21Waf1, MDM2 mRNA. p53 or p21Waf1 were expressed in 50% of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung. Results: The study examined tumor growth-inhibiting oncogenes and genes responsible for cell growth and division to identify mutations characteristic of malignant lung tumors. The mutations were studied in 400 postoperative samples after amplifying p53 and HRAS fragments and p53, p21Waf1, MDM2 mRNA. p53 or p21Waf1 were expressed in 50% of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung. HRAS mutations were present in most squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung. EcoR1 and Pst1-restriction enzymes destroyed the RT-PCR product of the p53 and p21Waf1 mRNA and increased the level of detected mutations in lung adenocarcinoma to 75% and 50 %, respectively. EGFR mutations were more frequent in lung adenocarcinoma than in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Mutations in EGFR exons 19 and 21 found in 65 of 263 lung tumor samples indicated the tumor sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. EGFR deletions in exon 19 occurred mainly in adenocarcinoma, L858R mutations in EGFR exon 21 were quite common in lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: The mutations detected in most squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung could be used to diagnose and predict the disease severity and targeted therapy efficacy. © 2023, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. All Rights Reserved.

Conversion of waste into innovative materials that contribute to the sustainable development of infrastructure and the construction industry is an important task in today's society. Wood-cement composites which are building materials that combine wood components and a cement matrix are studied herein. These composites have a number of such advantages as high strength, excellent thermal insulation properties, durability and environmental friendliness. The manufactured composite material is a lightweight concrete based on secondary resources, binders and mineral components. Standardized measuring equipment and methods intended to analyze the chemical composition and physical and chemical properties of wood-cement composites (arbolite) were used in laboratory experimental tests. All samples studied were 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm lightweight concrete. Four options to obtain a wood-cement composite in various combinations of binders, minerals and other additives were proposed in the research work. All samples were tested to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics and the optimal composition with improved properties. Secondary resources in the form of wood waste and ash from combined heat and power plants (CHPP) were obtained from industrial structures of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the CHPP ash was performed to determine the chemical mineral composition that showed a high content of silicon. According to the test results, the CH-4 sample demonstrated high physical and mechanical characteristics. The compression strength of the wood-cement composite sample reached 37.1 MPa, and the bending strength was 7.4 MPa on the 28th day, which proves the high performance properties of this composite.

The anomalous geomagnetic field of Central Kazakhstan reflects the different level of magnetization of rocks, as well as their relative position, structure and occurrence depth. The highest contrast of ΔTa anomalies is observed above the outcrops to the ground surface of the pre-Mesozoic basement, where elements of the geological structure, deep faults, blocks of sedimentary-volcanic formations, areas of secondary changes in rocks, as well as some mineral deposits confined with them, are shown in the structure of the anomalous geomagnetic field. The morphology, intensity and size of geomagnetic anomalies give an opportunity for identification and geological prediction, while the differentiation of these anomalies, their gradient characterize the qualitative (structural) features of causative magnetic bodies. The anomalous geomagnetic field of Central Kazakhstan is caused by inhomogeneously magnetized rocks lying at different depths in the Earth's crust. The high differentiation of this field reflects the geological structure of Central Kazakhstan and induces genetic and tectonic-magmatic aspects of its geological structure and geological evolution. In Central Kazakhstan, magnetic anomalies of various parameters are observed: a) in morphology: linear-elongated and arc-shaped, tortuous with a clearly expressed of the larger axis, polygonal, subisometric, oval, circular, mosaic and complex in configuration and in plan; b) in tension: intense and low-intensity; low-and high-gradient (contrasting); c) in size: large, medium and small. There is a relationship between the magnetization of rocks and the vertical component Bz of the magnetic field with seismic activity and anomalies of the latest and modern movements of the earth's crust, with geophysical potential fields, including thermal fields. Earthquake sources are confined to deep faults or fault nodes and are characterized by violent changes in the signs of intensity and orientation of magnetic anomalies. The largest number of seismic events is confined with faults delimiting tectonic blocks with geomagnetic field anomalies of different intensity and sign. © 2023, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

Unbalanced relations between all participants of the food chain in the dairy business hinder the development of the livestock sector. Implementation of cluster policy in dairy cattle breeding enables the development of a competitive reference standard using benchmarking analysis. For the full and comprehensive development of the dairy cluster, it is necessary to observe organisational independence to meet the economic interests of all participants. The developed mechanism acts as the basis of a new area of economic analysis that measures synergetic results possible only within the framework of cluster system economic interaction in dairy cattle breeding.

Introduction: Surra, caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), is a significant vector-borne disease of camels that leads to substantial economic losses in affected regions. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of surra among dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) camels in Kazakhstan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and May 2024 in the Mangystau, Kyzylorda, and Turkestan regions. A total of 2,773 camel serum samples (1,045 males and 1,728 females) were collected and tested using the complement fixation test (CFT) and the formol gel test (FGT). Chi-square tests were applied to assess differences across age groups, sexes, and regions. Results: Antibodies against T. evansi were detected in 113 camels (4.07%; 95% CI: 3.36–4.86) by CFT and in 276 camels (9.95%; 95% CI: 8.88–11.13) by FGT. Seroprevalence increased with age, with the highest rates observed in camels older than 12 years (5.93% by CFT and 26.27% by FGT). Females had significantly higher prevalence than males (CFT: 4.69% vs. 3.06%; FGT: 10.47% vs. 9.09%, p = 0.046). Regional variation was also noted, with the highest prevalence detected in Mangystau by FGT (65.0%). Discussion: These findings confirm that camel surra is endemic in the surveyed regions of Kazakhstan. Both serological tests proved useful for large-scale screening of T. evansi, and the FGT, due to its higher sensitivity, is recommended as the preferred tool for field surveillance.

In this article, the subject of investigation is high-voltage overhead transmission lines. As known, such lines exhibit the phenomenon of “conductor galloping.” Conductor galloping involves low-frequency oscillations with a significant amplitude, typically occurring during windy and icy conditions. These oscillations can be considered a factor that reduces the reliability of the power supply. This article aims to enhance the efficiency of using high-voltage overhead transmission lines under ice and wind conditions through the systematization of scattered information and knowledge, as well as the potential for discovering new directions in the study of conductor galloping. The analysis includes examining the results of multi-year statistical data observations on conductor galloping in power systems. Theoretical models of galloping are considered based on equations of dynamics and energy balance. Experimental data is obtained by observing a conductor galloping at a test site with the registration of vibration parameters. General reliability issues of overhead transmission lines are addressed. Results of statistical studies are analyzed, covering the complex conditions favoring the occurrence of conductor galloping, typical damages to elements of power lines, and an assessment of the expected intensity of galloping. The article presents the results from theoretical and experimental research, including physical and mathematical models of conductor galloping, conditions for instability of icy conductors in a wind flow, and some findings from experiments conducted at the test site. Methods to combat the phenomenon of “conductor galloping” are identified, providing a brief overview and analysis of existing measures to suppress conductor galloping. Suggestions are made for using the most effective and economical damper for conductor galloping in the split phase of the power line. The data presented in the article reveal key issues related to conductor galloping, existing methods for their resolution, and new avenues for researching this phenomenon and promising ideas.

Urban planning scholarship continues to confront the enduring tensions between modernist and postmodernist paradigms, yet comparative evaluations of their tangible impacts on urban form, social equity, and environmental sustainability remain limited. This study aims to address this critical gap by systematically examining the spatial and social implications of these divergent approaches. Utilizing a qualitative comparative case study methodology, the analysis focuses on two paradigmatic examples: Letchworth Garden City, an embodiment of modernist urbanism principles, and Downtown Beirut, a representation of postmodern urbanism. This study employs a qualitative comparative methodology grounded in theoretical discourse analysis and case study interpretation. Through a detailed investigation of spatial organization, social inclusivity, and ecological outcomes, the study elucidates each paradigm's distinct advantages and shortcomings. Findings indicate that modernist frameworks, exemplified by the Garden City model, are most effective when applied in new urban developments where comprehensive planning from a blank slate is feasible. Conversely, as illustrated by the Collage City concept, postmodernist approaches are better suited to existing urban contexts with rich historical identities, embracing complexity and layering. The study concludes that recognizing this contextual distinction is vital for advancing hybridized planning strategies that integrate the order and functionality of modernism with the pluralism and adaptability characteristic of postmodernism, thereby fostering equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban futures. © 2025 by authors, all rights reserved.

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) offer a sustainable solution to mitigating asphaltene deposition in oil production, minimizing environmental impact and enhancing the operational efficiency in the petroleum industry. The paper investigates the sustainable management of asphaltene deposition in oil production through the application of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). Three DES formulations were prepared: DES1 (Citric acid:Glycerin, 1:4 ratio), DES2 (Citric acid:Ethylene Glycol, 1:4 ratio), and DES3 (Choline chloride:Glycerin, 1:2 ratio). The physical properties (pH, density, and viscosity) of these DESs were measured. The study utilized Karazhanbas crude oil from Western Kazakhstan, characterized by distinct hydrocarbon groups. The weight composition was as follows: Paraffin-naphthenic 17.2%, Aromatic (light) 10.2%, Aromatic (medium) 8.1%, Aromatic (heavy) 28.2%, Total resins 24.1%, and Asphaltenes 12.2%. The FTIR spectrum of the received DES and asphaltene was also determined. Asphaltene deposition was studied both with and without DES inhibitors. Microscopic tests revealed that DES3 exhibited superior results, as evidenced by significantly smaller asphaltene particle sizes compared to other DES formulations and the control without DES. The findings suggest that DES3 holds promise as an effective inhibitor for asphaltene deposition in oil production, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to address challenges associated with asphaltene-related issues in the petroleum industry. © Engineered Science Publisher LLC 2024.

Southern Kazakhstan is one of the fastest-growing regions of this country and continued development depends on a sustainable supply of freshwater for multiple purposes. Groundwater in Southern Kazakhstan occurs in a wide variety of hydrogeological conditions with varying levels of quality and vulnerability to contamination. The aim of this paper is to investigate the present groundwater quality through sampling and laboratory analysis of source water from public supply wells, compare results to hydrogeology and known contaminant sources, and indicate where future protections may be needed. Protection from surface-borne contaminants is mainly determined by the thickness of the vadose zone, depth of the groundwater level, presence, thickness and composition of aquifers, and mobility of pollutants. Forty-five wells were sampled, yielding 106 samples of groundwater presently used for drinking water, which were evaluated to investigate the occurrence of potential pollutants and hydrogeology of the region. Of the samples collected, 46 samples were used for analysis of inorganic water chemistry, 30 for individual indicators including metals, and 31 samples for determination of petroleum products. A contaminant inventory database and geospatial database aided the interpretation of the results and allowed the prediction of future water issues. Kazakhstan’s maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for metals were exceeded in areas associated with industrial enterprises, while fluoride and nitrate were more closely associated with mining and agricultural sources. Groundwater quality is dependent on hydrogeology and environmental contaminants resulting from historical land uses and must be regularly monitored for drinking water safety. Petroleum hydrocarbons were not detected in any of the drinking water sources.