Investigation of the physical characteristics of mineral artifacts was undertaken with purpose of development of dating by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method in a new direction, by means of analysis of spectra of the carbonate probes from the surface of archaeological artifacts. The artifacts – samples of layers from the surface of ceramics and stone tools, containing impurities of quartz and alumosilicates, have been tested. For obtaining the physical characteristics and dating the complex of the methods and equipment has been used which allowed us to reveal specialties of mineral content and structure of the surface. There were chosen optimal conditions for registration, distinguishing and identification of the EPR signals from the paramagnetic centers. Applying of radiation of the ILU-10 accelerator with converter and consequent EPR-studying allowed to estimate the age of artifacts. © 2024 Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, A.Kh. Khalikov Archaeology Institute. All rights reserved.

The study conducted a comparative analysis of the quality of domestic fat and oil products obtained through hydrogenation or transesterification methods, with a focus on reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, as well as the ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, were calculated to evaluate the lipid quality of palm oil and hydrogenation products using nickel and platinum catalysts. It was found that the use of the transesterification method with palm oil (stearin) significantly reduces the content of trans-isomers. However, it simultaneously creates a more severe issue of excessive saturated fatty acid content, which significantly increases the risk of both cardiovascular and oncological diseases compared to the hydrogenation method. The solution to the problem appears to involve substituting nickel catalysts with developed low-percentage platinum hydrogenation catalysts and expediting the organization of their industrial production in the country. In this work, we have also investigated the hydrogenation mechanism of sunflower oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst by applying quantum chemical calculations and HyperChem software. The results have shown the existence of strong intermolecular interactions between linoleic acid and nickel metal according to the optimized structures, molecular electrostatic maps, molecular orbitals, bond lengths and energies. © The Author(s) 2025.

This scientific research work is written based on the problem of studying the process of ozonation and sorption filtration of natural and anthropogenically polluted waters. Scientific research work of our country is diverse It was prepared in the laboratory of water ozonation, and purification technology and equipment of Kazakh National Research Technical University named after K. I. Satbayev based on long-term research conducted in cities and regions. The current state of ozonation equipment and active carbon production is considered in the research work. The scientific research work is intended to solve problems and tasks related to the use of ozonation and sorption water purification methods for employees of the sector of quality water supply and water treatment. In addition, the research work is devoted to the problems of water purification using ozone. Provides general information about the properties of ozone, its interaction with inorganic and organic compounds. The main methods of obtaining ozone, the effect of design parameters on the efficiency of ozonators are shown. The main domestic and foreign manufacturers of ozonation equipment are presented. In the research paper, considering the effectiveness of removing various organic and inorganic pollutants of natural and anthropogenic origin, microbiological pollutants, the authors' long-term research on purification and disinfection of natural waters are systematized. Production experience of using ozone in foreign and Kazakh water facilities, as well as in local water treatment plants is presented. © 2023 by ASERS® Publishing. All rights reserved.

As a consequence of global population growth and increasing demand for agricultural commodities, vast areas of cultivable land have been brought under cultivation, while natural ecosystems are being converted for agricultural use. This transformation has led to various forms of soil degradation, with excessive salinity emerging as a critical concern. Drought-prone ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to salinization processes, resulting in an annual reduction of arable land by approximately 1% to 2%. In the Kazakhstan, salt-affected soils account for approximately 43% of all agricultural land. The aim of this study is to assess the extent and spatial distribution of soil salinity in the Talas district of Kazakhstan and to identify the dominant chemical characteristics of soil salts across different land types. To achieve this, soil samples were collected from river valleys, desert pastures, irrigated lands, and sandy areas. The analysis focused on salinization processes, ion toxicity thresholds, and the chemical composition of soil salts. Results reveal that salt accumulation varies between the 30 cm and 80 cm soil layers in river valleys and desert pastures, whereas the highest concentrations are observed in the upper layers of irrigated soils. The greatest variation in average salt content by soil texture was ±0.81% in loamy soils and ±0.62% in silty loam soils. These findings highlight the urgent need for ecologically sound land management strategies to mitigate soil salinization, especially in irrigated areas. They also offer valuable insights for enhancing irrigation efficiency and preserving soil fertility in Talas and other comparable regions. © 2025, Geographical Institute "Jovan Cviji" of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. All rights reserved.

Near the ore deposits as well as in adjacent territories near enterprises and areas for storing raw materials and waste during the enrichment and processing of heavy metals, there are zones of accumulation of high concentrations of substances involved in the technological process of metallurgical production. To control the negative impact to the environment, to reduce negative consequences, it is required to monitor and carry out environmental protection measures aimed at preserving the acceptable properties of the habitat of various types of organisms in the soil, water and air. The harmful impact of human economic activity to the nature can be remote both in time and in space. This is due to a number of factors: the persistence of the processes of impact to the nature caused by the dynamics of biogeocenoses, the resistance and adaptation of the ecosystem to negative impacts, the effects of summation and migration of pollutants, etc. Studies of heavy metal contamination of snow cover and soil were carried out by taking soil and snow samples for atomic sorption spectrometry. When assessing the distribution of pollutant concentrations,the maps of contamination of Ile River delta territory by Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd) were created. This made it possible to clarify the mechanism of transport of pollutants and identify areas of accumulation of heavy metals in snow and soil. Based on the results of the analysis, were made the conclusions about participation of heavy metal deposits in the emissions of substances accumulated in the lithosphere. This is confirmed by the relative location of emission sources and pollutant accumulation zones. Transfer over land occurs over longer distances compared to air trajectories crossing the waters of the Lake Balkash. Research results can be taken into account for the development of environmental protection measures. © 2023, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

It is known that one of the most important parameters for lithium ceramics, promising for use in solid-state fusion blankets, includes their properties regarding tritium. Tritium generated in lithium ceramics (as a result of reaction of 6Li atom with neutron) is released from the surface after passing through a chain of processes: 1. it is initially thermalized in the ceramic volume (it should be noted that at this stage, if the reaction of its generation has occurred in the near-surface region, it can be released from the sample in an inactivation-free manner), 2. after that it diffuses to the open surface, interacting with traps in the ceramic volume (here both reversible and non-reversible capture of tritium by traps, which are usually defects in the structure, is possible); 3. tritium atoms associate with each other or with hydrogen impurities on the surface, after which the resulting molecules are desorbed. To determine the parameters of gas release from ceramics generated by neutron irradiation of tritium, reactor studies are usually carried out. Analysis of the results of such reactor experiments is usually complicated by the need to consider various factors and requires careful consideration of these factors while creating and selecting model parameters. The present work presents data on modeling the results of a previously conducted reactor experiment. Modeling was carried out by the finite element method (FEM) based on a complex model that considers temperature gradients across the ceramics during the reactor experiment, as well as the processes of tritium diffusion in the volume and desorption of tritium molecules from the ceramic surface. We investigated the sections of the reactor experiment where the reactor power was varied, leading to changes in the temperature fields in the ceramic samples and the released flux of tritium molecules.

The globally increasing contents of microplastics (MP) in ecosystems have become a serious environmental problem with far-reaching and at present unpredictable consequences for both aquatic life and human well-being. Until recently, most research on MP focused on marine ecosystems. Research on the occurrence of MP has lately started to focus on freshwater environments. This comprehensive and critical review examines the multifaceted problem of MP pollution in freshwater ecosystems, delving into its diverse sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. The environmental impacts of MP pollution span a spectrum of impacts on aquatic life, food webs, and biodiversity in general. In addition, human health concerns have arisen due to potential exposures resulting from the consumption of contaminated freshwater and biological resources. The review summarizes analytical methods and technologies used to detect and quantify MP in freshwater samples, while recognizing the challenges and new innovations in this area. Mitigation and management strategies are explored, ranging from waste management and recycling initiatives to engineering solutions such as wastewater treatment and stormwater management. Legislative measures aimed at curbing MP pollution are also reviewed. Reviewed case studies highlight regional differences, and the unique challenges faced by different freshwater ecosystems. The review concludes by highlighting the urgent need for global awareness, further research, and coordinated action to address the growing problem of MP pollution in freshwater. As humanity faces this complex environmental challenge, interdisciplinary approaches, and international collaboration are essential for sustainable solutions and protection of freshwater ecosystems and health of the planet. © 2024 The Author(s)

The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the water quality and toxicology indicators of the Verkhnetobolskoye and Karatomarskoye reservoirs in northern Kazakhstan to identify potential pollutants, including heavy metals, organic and inorganic substances, and pesticides, and to assess the influence of these parameters on the suitability of water for various uses. The study combined hydrochemical and toxicological analysis, including atomic absorption spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography to detect heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. The data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine correlations between different pollutants and to assess overall water quality according to national and international standards. The analysis suggests that both reservoirs are subject to moderate or severe pollution. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals, especially cadmium and zinc, were detected at several sampling points, exceeding the threshold limit value for safe water use. Although the levels of most pesticides are within the required limits, trace amounts of chlorinated pesticides were detected. The water quality in both reservoirs is classified as bad (class 4), with a high content of suspended solids, magnesium, and sulfates, making this water unsuitable for domestic use without thorough treatment. The reservoirs remain suitable for industrial uses, including irrigation and mining. The findings underscore the need for stricter water quality monitoring and improved water purification infrastructure in the reservoirs of Kazakhstan. © 2024, Arab Society for Fungal Conservation. All rights reserved.

The problem of eliminating gas contamination in mine workings and reliably forecasting accident probability remains relevant in the coal industry. This article presents scientific and technical developments for managing the aerodynamic parameters of working areas and collapsed rock massifs to combat gas contamination at the production face. The authors propose controlling gas emissions in the working area by regulating air leaks through the mined-out space of the longwall. The study considered the working area as a quasi-network model. Based on this model, theoretical and experimental studies were conducted on air leaks from the longwall and its inflows into the supported ventilation workings. These studies focused on working areas with a direct-flow ventilation scheme in the Karaganda coal basin mines. Numerical experiments were carried out for three methods of gas emission control. As a result, a mathematical model was developed to calculate aerodynamic resistance, taking into account the length of the column, longwall mining, and the distribution of airflow in the mining section (Q1/Q2). This model enables the estimation of the probability of forming an explosive concentration of methane, thus improving safety measures in coal mine operations. ©2025 The authors.

Green synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles offer suitable alternatives as low-cost, eco-friendly and versatile materials for wastewater remediation. In this work, we presented an overview on green techniques for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles from agricultural biomass, algae, microorganisms and natural polymers for organic pollutants degradation. The unique and potential features of the materials such as optical and electronic properties, diverse surface chemistry, redox activities, high porosity, thermal and mechanical stabilities, and non-environmental toxicities have been emphasized. Overview on their photocatalytic efficiency towards degradation of dyes, pharmaceuticals, phenols, herbicides and pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other spectrum of organic pollutants have been presented. Modifications for improvement of the materials performance using techniques such as metal doping, bimetallic metal oxide, heterojunctions with carbon-based, organic polymers, carbon dots and other functionalized materials have elaborated. Mechanisms governing the photocatalytic process has been elucidated. The suitability of the materials for the photocatalytic application has been emphasized. The prospects and challenges regarding the materials application have been highlighted. Lastly, innovative approaches for the improvement of the efficiency of the materials for real wastewater applications have been proposed. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.