The intake of natural water or waste water from a depth exceeding the suction height of centrifugal pumps is mainly carried out due to additional water supply at the suction of the pump. However, this process becomes more complicated if it is necessary to purify water from mechanical impurities. The purpose of the presented work is to consider this issue based on the development and study of the parameters of an ejector water intake treatment plant equipped with a pressure-vacuum hydrocyclone. The main contribution of the ongoing research is the establishment of the technological parameters of the installation, and their features in the pressure-vacuum mode of operation, in contrast to the known pressure and vacuum hydrocyclones separately. In terms of methodology, the main parameters of the developed installation were established during the testing of its prototype on a specially built stand using well-known regulatory guidelines in the hydraulic research system. As a result of the study, the nature of the change in pressure inside a cylindrical–conical hydrocyclone, with established design dimensions and the patterns of formation of vacuum and pressure-vacuum modes depending on the initial parameters, was revealed. The data obtained to determine the effect of technological parameters of ejection and the characteristics of the supplied water with impurities on the operating mode of the hydrocyclone confirm the efficiency of water intake and purification. A rational mode of joint operation of the elements of a closed system is achieved at the maximum value of the installation efficiency and ensuring low specific energy consumption per 1 m3 of treated water.

In this paper considered the engineering analysis of a diffuser with a closed-type wind power plant by converting the kinetic energy of the oncoming wind into electrical energy. The study of the wind turbine diffuser was carried out in order to increase the energy efficiency of converting wind energy into electrical energy. The closed-type wind turbine design is converted into a finite element model for aerodynamic calculations. The model of a closed-type wind turbine is investigated by changing the angle of attack of the diffuser, with various options for its parameters in order to find the most optimal conditions for increasing the energy efficiency factor of the energy carrier, which will ensure high energy efficiency of converting wind energy into electrical energy. Based on the study results was recommended the diffuser with the optimal angle of attack by constructing a closed-type wind turbine. © 2023 K.B. Shakenov et al

This review explores the potential of MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional (2D) materials, in advancing energy storage and conservation technologies. MXenes exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties, including a high specific surface area (∼390 m² g⁻¹ for MXene@PPy-800), outstanding electrical conductivity, and robust chemical stability, making them ideal for energy-related applications. In supercapacitors, MXene-based electrodes have demonstrated capacitances exceeding 700 F g⁻¹ at 1 mV s⁻¹, with retention of over 90 % of their initial performance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. For lithium-ion batteries, MXenes achieve theoretical capacities ranging from 390 to 600 mAh g⁻¹, depending on the type of MXene material, with experimental reversible capacities often exceeding 400 mAh g⁻¹ at 1C rates and high cycling stability. This review synthesizes recent research efforts on the synthesis, structural characterization, and integration of MXenes into energy storage systems. Findings highlight their versatility as electrode materials for supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and fuel cells, as well as their catalytic potential in solar energy conversion. Despite these advancements, challenges remain unresolved. Scalability of MXene synthesis through selective etching methods continues to be a significant technical and economic barrier. Moreover, while MXene-based devices show high initial performance, further work is needed to improve long-term stability in operational and harsh chemical environments. By providing a comprehensive overview of MXene-based energy systems, this review identifies critical gaps in understanding their electrochemical mechanisms, particularly ion transport and surface interaction dynamics. Addressing these challenges will be key to optimizing MXene properties and enabling their widespread application in efficient and sustainable energy technologies.

The roadmap for the development of the seismological industry foresees a significant expansion of the network of strong motions in the coming years. The Data Bank of engineering and seismological parameters summarizes the experimental data obtained because of processing and parameterization of the available records of seismological networks in seismic regions of the Southeastern Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to present and explain the developed bank of Ground Motion Parameters for the Territory of Kazakhstan. It consists of three parts—the bank of parameters according to the data of analog local and regional strong motion networks, a local digital strong motion network in the territory of Almaty and its environs, and the bank of parameters according to the data of the regional high sensitivity network of continuous registration. Each of the parts contains its own catalog of earthquakes and parameters of ground motions and the corresponding banks of station parameters, including a table of station parameters and station passport cards. For recordings of strong motions of engineering interest, an additional graphic application was compiled – it is the Seismological bulletin. The processing is carried out using T. Kashima’s ViewWave software and Strong Motion Analyst of Kinemetric company. Experimental data that were collected and generalized are necessary for solving problems of assessing seismic effects.

This study investigates the impact of nickel doping on the thermal and combustion properties of ammonium perchlorate/carboxymethyl cellulose (AP/CMC) composites. Through comprehensive SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, and burning rate analyses, significant improvements in the structural and functional characteristics of the AP/CMC-Ni composite were observed compared to those of pure AP and AP/CMC composites. The SEM-EDS analysis revealed that nickel incorporation resulted in thicker and more irregular CMC fibers, indicating substantial morphological changes. The FTIR spectroscopy showed shifts in the O-H and C=O stretching bands, pointing to interactions between nickel ions and CMC functional groups. The XRD patterns highlighted a decrease in crystallinity and the presence of NiO phases, confirming the successful integration of nickel into the CMC matrix. The thermal analysis demonstrated that nickel doping significantly lowered the decomposition temperature of the AP/CMC composite, as evidenced by DSC, and enhances the thermal degradation process, as shown by TGA. The AP/CMC-Ni composite exhibited a higher burning rate across all of the tested pressures, highlighting the catalytic effect of nickel in improving the combustion efficiency. The burning rate for AP/CMC follows the power-law expression with constants a = 2.34 and n = 0.499, while for AP/CMC-Ni, the constants are a = 3.35 and n = 0.475. This study highlights the essential role of nickel doping in facilitating the decomposition of AP within the AP/CMC composite. By lowering the decomposition temperature, nickel enhances the overall combustion process, making the AP/CMC-Ni composite more efficient for applications requiring controlled thermal decomposition. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and development of high-performance composite materials in advanced industrial applications.

Today, the cost of renewable energy has equaled the price of traditional energy sources, and in most countries 'green' electric energy has become cheaper than electricity on carbohydrate fuel. Therefore we are less and less beginning to discuss the mechanisms of economic support for renewable energy, but the problem of balancing is still on the agenda. This paper examines the influence of Wind Power Plant during its integration to the electrical grid of 110 kV and higher. The aim of this work is to study the integration of WPPs into traditional power system taking into account the standards and requirements. The object of the study is a WPP in the Almaty region with a capacity of 60 MW. Rotor-angle stability, voltage stability, quasi-dynamic analysis, of the electrical system during the integration of the WPP was carried out. Special attention was paid to the small signal stability, considering the influence of the power system stabilizer and the WPP on the power system. © 2022 IEEE.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a category of exogenous organic pollutants that pose substantial hazards to human health and the environment due to their ability to disrupt the functioning of the endocrine system. However, implementing suitable technology is one of the most effective ways to address EDCs. Electrochemical sensors provide cost-effective and fast solutions to this challenge, using metal-organic framework (MOF) technology. MOFs, as a distinct hierarchical structural class, offer diverse topologies, tunability, reactivity and porosity, but their lower conductivity and instability limit their effectiveness in electrochemical sensor applications. The study focuses on investigating the functionalization strategy of the outer and inner surfaces of MOF crystals, which involves introducing functional groups, replacing components, incorporating guest molecules, defect engineering and hybrid composite construction. We explore the latest advancement in electrochemical sensors based on MOFs, emphasizing their use in the recognition of environmental EDCs. The oxidation mechanisms of EDCs on the electrode surface were also discussed. In this review, we provide clear and straightforward guidance for the structural design of MOFs as well as the improvement of durable, efficient and resilient portable electrochemical sensors for environmental EDCs detection. Furthermore, this work addresses current challenges and highlights the future prospects of MOFs as sensor materials for environmental EDCs analysis. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for assessing the resilience of landscapes to human impact in western Kazakhstan. The approach developed is based on integrating remote sensing data (MODIS, SMAP, NDVI and NDSI), the results of field surveys, and multi-criteria analysis methods in a GIS environment. The assessment covered over 50 landscape types and subtypes using ten key indicators reflecting climatic, geomorphological, soil, hydrological, and biotic characteristics. These indicators were normalised, aggregated and summarised to create an integral index of landscape resilience, which allowed four resilience classes to be identified, ranging from highly vulnerable to relatively resilient. The spatial analysis revealed that over 60% of the region’s territory is classified as high-vulnerability, predominantly within semi-desert and desert zones, which are vulnerable to climatic risks, degradation of vegetation cover and human activity. Verification of the results based on remote monitoring data for the period 2000–2024 and field observations confirmed the reliability of the developed methodology. The results obtained allow the identification of areas prioritised for environmental monitoring, restoration and sustainable land use in arid climate conditions. A plan of measures for regulation and restoration of ecosystems and spatial planning tools are proposed. The obtained data can be used for the development of regional environmental policy and sustainable land use strategies. © 2025 by the authors.

Infant mortality in Kazakhstan is six times higher compared with the EU. There are several reasons for this, but a partial reason might be that less than 30% of Kazakhstan’s population has access to safe water and sanitation and more than 57% uses polluted groundwater from wells that do not comply with international standards. For example, nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater continues to increase due to intensified agriculture and the discharge of untreated wastewater, causing concerns regarding environmental and human health. For this reason, drinking water samples were collected from the water supply distribution network in eight districts of Almaty, Kazakhstan, and water quality constituents, including nitrate, were analyzed. In several districts, the nitrate concentration was above the WHO and Kazakhstan’s maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The spatial distribution of high nitrate concentration in drinking water was shown to be strongly correlated with areas that are supplied with groundwater, whereas areas with lower nitrate levels are supplied with surface water sources. Based on source identification, it was shown that groundwater is likely polluted by mainly domestic wastewater. The health risk for infants, children, teenagers, and adults was assessed based on chronic daily intake, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of nitrate intake from drinking water was determined. The non-carcinogenic risks increased in the following manner: adult < teenager < child < infant. For infants and children, the HQ was greater than the acceptable level and higher than that of other age groups, thus pointing to infants and children as the most vulnerable age group due to drinking water intake in the study area. Different water management options are suggested to improve the health situation of the population now drinking nitrate-polluted groundwater. © 2023 by the authors.

The impact of repurposing drugs that now in vitro inhibit significant chronic respiratory illness corona virus type 2 was indeed underestimated or ignored during the early phases of the COVID-19 virus. Recent clinical data, however, suggest that remdesivir and favipiravir may hasten to heal, but lopinavir/ritonavir had minimal impact on very ill patients. The interferon appears to be the primary impact of triple therapy with ribavirin, lopinavir and interferon-1b. The role of hydroxychloroquine, marketed as Plaquenil® or chloroquine, marketed as Aralen®, in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 is presently unknown due to the small sample size research. Anti-cytokine drugs may not benefit persons with mild disease or severe illness. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is commonly used for COVID-19 patients in China and has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects on SARS-CoV-2. This review outlines existing COVID-19 therapeutic options and advocates for clinical trials for children, persons with mild disease and those in the early stages of COVID-19. © 2022 Chemical Publishing Co.. All rights reserved.