In this work, a copolymer of [(3-methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride (TMAPMACh) and itaconic acid (IA) with different molar composition was synthesized by the method of free radical copolymerization in an aqueous medium in the presence of an initiator (ammonium persulfate, (NH4)2S2O8). The functional and molar composition of the synthesized copolymers was determined by the methods of elemental analysis, conductometric titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Coefficients of monomer reactivity were determined using Mayo-Lewis (rTMAPMACh=0.50±0.02 and rIA=1.50±0.02) and Fineman-Ross (rTMAPMACh=0.44±0.02 and rIA=1.51±0.02) methods. It is established that in the radical copolymerization reaction, monomer IA is more reactive than monomer TMAPMACh, and copolymers with a more statistically uniform distribution of monomer units along the macromolecule chain are formed. The influence of the concentration of monomers [M] and initiator [I] on the rate of copolymerization reaction (Rc) at 343 K and equimolar ratios of monomers in the initial mixture was investigated. The kinetic equation of copolymerization reaction in a mixture of TMAPMACh with IA was obtained: RС =k×[M]1.66×[I]0.35. The average rate constant of the copolymerization reaction for this temperature was k=0,049×L0.92 ×mol-0.92×s-1. The results of the copolymerization reaction kinetics make it possible to regulate the process of copolymer formation and thereby obtain a polymer surfactant with the required physicochemical properties. The TMAPMACh-IA copolymer has a biocidal effect against sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and therefore can be used to suppress the growth of this bacteria. © Engineered Science Publisher LLC 2024.

Қазақ ым тілі (ҚЫТ) есту және сөйлеу қабілеті бұзылған адамдар үшін негізгі қарым-қатынас құралы болып табылады. Бұл зерттеу ҚЫТ-нің синтаксистік құрылымын талдауға және қазақ тілінің ауызекі тілі ерекшеліктерінен айырмашылықтарын анықтауға бағытталған. Сонымен қатар, қазақ тіліндегі мәтіндерді ҚЫТ глоссқа айналдыру үшін арнайы лингвистикалық талдаушы жасалды, бұл параллель корпус құруға мүмкіндік берді. ҚЫТ-нің зерттелуі тек ғылыми маңыздылыққа ғана емес, сонымен қатар инклюзивті қоғам құруға қажетті құралдар жасауға ықпал етеді. Зерттеуде параллель корпусты қолдана отырып, Transformer моделі негізінде машиналық аударма жүйесі оқытылды. Нәтижесінде аударманың жоғары дәлдігіне қол жеткізілді, бұл коммуникация қолжетімділігін арттырудың әлеуетін көрсетті. Бұл тәсіл қазақ ым тілін автоматтандырылған түрде өңдеуде маңызды қадам болып табылады. Мұндай технологиялар ерекше қажеттіліктері бар адамдардың білім алу және әлеуметтік интеграция үдерістерін жақсартуға бағытталған. ҚЫТ синтаксисін талдау үшін Python 3.10, Stanza, PyTorch, NumPy және Pandas кітапханалары қолданылды. 500-ден астам сөйлемдер зерттеліп, сөз тәртібінің икемділігі мен визуалды-кеңістіктік құрылымының ерекшеліктері анықталды. 500-ден астам сөйлемдер бойынша талдау жүргізіліп, негізгі назар қайтымды, қайтымсыз, мекенді, жанды, жансыз, күрделі және күрделі емес сөйлемдер бойынша жүргізілген талдау қазақ ым тілінің грамматикалық құрылымын сипаттауға мүмкіндік берді. Зерттеудің нәтижелері тілдің синтаксистік заңдылықтарын анықтауға ғана емес, сонымен қатар жаңа аударма модельдерін әзірлеуге де негіз болады. Зерттеу барысында аннотацияланған деректердің шектеулі болуы сияқты негізгі қиындықтар анықталды. Болашақта бейне деректерді біріктіру және бағалау көрсеткіштерін кеңейту бағытында жұмыс істеу жоспарлануда. Ұсынылған әдістер инклюзивті ақпараттық технологияларды дамытуға және ерекше қажеттіліктері бар адамдармен қарым-қатынасты жақсартуға негіз болады. Бұл жұмыс технологиялардың инклюзивті әлеуетін кеңейтуде және жаңа ғылыми зерттеулерге жол ашуда маңызды рөл атқарады

People with walking disorders caused by accidents or stroke can undergo treatment to restore their mobility. Traditional therapy is time-consuming and time-consuming. Therefore, a new trend was born - to facilitate rehabilitation and reduce the patient's time. Rehabilitation robotics is an area that is constantly evolving, and new mechanisms have recently been developed to help people regain their mobility. This paper presents a 3-RPS parallel manipulator for the restoration of the ankle joint with three degrees of freedom. Parallel manipulator 3-RPS with three degrees of freedom, which was introduced by K. Hunt in 1983 as one of the sedentary parallel manipulators. Since then, 3-RPS has attracted a lot of attention from robotics and biomedical engineering engineers. Copyright © 2023 Nursultan Zhetenbayev, et al.

Industrial robots cover most of the field of technology and are most successfully applied in machining, in motion modelling, in capturing and moving objects of research. In recent times, the complexity and variety of industrial robots and robotic manipulators have increased significantly. These are purposefully designed to attain a much greater level of independence than what is seen in conventional mechanical manipulators. In this article the classification of different configurations of manipulators and analysis of manipulators with artificial vision on the existing research of scientists is conducted. Also, the article analyzes the development of a manipulator with six degrees of freedom and the use of analytical methods to analyze the geometric structure of 3D data for optimal object recognition. © 2024 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

Stenosis, characterized by the narrowing of blood vessels due to plaque accumulation, significantly impacts blood flow dynamics and poses risks such as blood clot formation. This study investigates blood flow in a mildly stenosed, catheterized artery, modeled as a two-dimensional axisymmetric tube, utilizing the incompressible viscous Navier–Stokes equations. Blood is treated as a non-Newtonian fluid, with the Carreau model applied to capture its rheological properties. The Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations method, renowned for its computational efficiency in solving incompressible flow equations, is employed alongside the finite volume method to ensure local conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Validation through a planar Poiseuille flow simulation and experimental data demonstrated concordance between numerical and analytical/experimental results, affirming the accuracy of the velocity profile for laminar flow. Subsequent real-case analysis involved a bifurcating artery in a 60-year-old male with atherosclerosis. Findings revealed that the presence of plaques increased wall shear stress (up to 5.5 Pa) at the throat of the stenosis, accompanied by low wall shear stress regions (approximately 0.5 Pa) downstream. A sharp pressure gradient was observed, with upstream pressure reaching 20 Pa and dropping significantly downstream of the stenosis. Velocity distribution showed peak values of approximately 0.2 m/s in the stenosed artery compared to 0.12 m/s in the non-stenosed case. Flow disturbances, including vortex formation and recirculation zones, were identified downstream of the stenosis, contributing to potential vessel wall corrosion and plaque instability. The study concludes that plaques induce significant hemodynamic changes, including low flow velocity regions, altered wall shear stress, and pressure gradients, which can precipitate plaque rupture and atherosclerosis.

This paper investigates the effect of partial replacement of cement with fly ash and ground volcanic tuff on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The main focus is on the changes in average density and compressive strength at different contents of replacement materials (from 10% to 35%). The investigated concrete composition (27PPPF) without admixtures has an average density of 1925.5 kg/m³ and compressive strength of 40.1 MPa. The results show that when fly ash is added, the concrete strength first increases, reaching a maximum value of 41.6 MPa at 10% cement replacement and then decreases to 29.1 MPa at 35% replacement. A similar trend is observed when tuff is introduced, but the peak strength (40.7 MPa) is also reached at 10% replacement, after which the strength gradually decreases to 27.9 MPa at 35%. The average density of the specimens changes insignificantly, being in the range of 1910.4-1928.5 kg/m³, which indicates that the dense structure of the concrete is maintained. Thus, the optimum content of fly ash and tuff in the concrete composition is 10-15%, as these values provide the best mechanical characteristics. Higher dosages of substitutes result in lower strength due to thinning of cement stone and lack of binding properties. This study confirms the possibility of using fly ash and volcanic tuff as effective pozzolanic additives to improve the environmental friendliness and sustainability of concrete. © 2026, Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation JSC. All rights reserved.

In this study, TiO2 was prepared via a solid-state chemical reaction and used as an anode for magnesium/lithium hybrid-ion batteries. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the synthesized titanium dioxide demonstrated that the material consists of 10% TiO2(B) and 90% anatase phases. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed the lowest charge transfer resistance and the highest capacity for batteries assembled with 9 mM LiCl because of the activation effect of the Cl− anion. In general, TiO2 as anode material in Mg2+/Li+-ion mixed solutions demonstrated sluggish electrochemical kinetics and a rate constant obtained from the EIS data of 1.05 10−8 cm s−1. From the cyclic voltammetry measurements, it was found that the capacity of the magnesium-lithium battery has more pseudocapacitance characteristics than the mixed-controlled process, as in other studies. The investigated TiO2||0.05 M Mg(ClO4)2 + 0.009 M LiCl/AN||Mg hybrid-ion battery demonstrated a capacity of approximately 25 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 35 mA g−1 current.

This study presents a comprehensive review of more than 100 research papers on sign language recognition (SLR) published between 2020 and 2026. The analysis focuses on deep learning approaches applied to video-based SLR, including spatiotemporal feature extraction, temporal modeling, attention mechanisms, motion-based representations, hybrid frameworks, transfer learning methods and other methods. Particular attention is given to how these methods model spatiotemporal dynamics and capture subtle gesture characteristics in sign language communication. The review highlights several recent developments, such as the introduction of specialized datasets, the emergence of real-time recognition systems, and the integration of multimodal fusion strategies. At the same time, persistent challenges remain, including data scarcity in low-resource sign languages, limited linguistic standardization of datasets, and insufficient model interpretability. The findings underline the importance of developing scalable and generalizable models capable of handling diverse datasets and user variability. The distinct contributions of this review are fourfold: (1) a comprehensive synthesis of over 100 studies published between 2020 and 2026, covering the full spectrum of deep learning architectures for video-based SLR; (2) a structured six-category taxonomy enabling systematic cross-architectural comparison; (3) a comprehensive focus on low-resource sign languages, which remain underrepresented in the existing literature; and (4) a critical analysis of the current benchmark landscape for low-resource sign languages, identifying key gaps and outlining strategic directions for future dataset development. These contributions are intended to guide further research toward more robust, inclusive, and universally applicable SLR systems.

This paper proposes a unified methodological framework for evaluating heterogeneous approaches to avatar-based sign language visualization. The study introduces a four-dimensional analytical framework based on four independent criteria: (A1) pipeline architecture and degree of automation, (A2) data and annotation requirements, (A3) portability across sign languages and domains, and (A4) integration and accessibility. The framework is applied to a comparative analysis of three dominant paradigms: (P1) notation → animation (e.g., HamNoSys), (P2) writing-based representation → animation (e.g., SignWriting), and (P3) keypoint-based animation and Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods. The comparative assessment shows that the differences between the paradigms are structural and reflect trade-offs among linguistic accuracy, automation level, scalability, and user accessibility, rather than the superiority of any one technology. Overall, the structured comparative framework (A1–A4) is applied for analyzing three paradigms of sign language avatar generation. It enables a systematic evaluation of architectural, data-related, and practical characteristics, highlighting key trade-offs between linguistic accuracy, scalability, and accessibility.

Multimodal human–AI systems generally consider facial expressions and body motions as separate input streams, leading to disjointed interpretations and diminished emotional coherence. To overcome this issue, we offer the Engagement-Safe Expressive Alignment (ESEA) paradigm and the Unified Visual Synchrony (UVS) framework as its computational implementation. UVS models the coherence between facial expressions and gestures, offering an interpretable visual synchrony signal that can function as adaptive feedback in human–AI interactions. The framework’s key component is the Consistency Index for Affective Synchrony (𝐶𝐼𝐴𝑆 ), which correlates brief visual segments with scalar synchrony scores through a common latent representation. Facial and gestural signals are processed by modality-specific projection networks into a unified latent space, and 𝐶𝐼𝐴𝑆 is derived from the similarity and short-term temporal consistency of these latent trajectories. The synchrony index is regarded as an estimation of affective visual coherence within the ESEA paradigm. We formalize the UVS/𝐶𝐼𝐴𝑆 framework and conduct a comparative experimental evaluation utilizing matched and mismatched face–gesture segments derived from rendered dialog footage. Utilizing ROC analysis, score distribution comparisons, temporal visualizations, and negative control tests, we illustrate that 𝐶𝐼𝐴𝑆 effectively captures structured face–gesture alignment that surpasses similarity-based baselines, while also delivering a persistent, time-resolved synchronization signal. These findings establish 𝐶𝐼𝐴𝑆 as a principled and interpretable feedback signal for future affect-aware, engagement-focused multimodal agents.