This paper analyzes the current situation of interval train control systems (railway interlocking) on the railway network of Kazakhstan, geared towards enhancing the effectiveness of railway transportation, the objective is to augment the capacity of rail lines, diminish operational expenses, minimize energy consumption, and mitigate wear on both tracks and rolling stock. To evaluate the data transmission channel of the TETRA standard, a test model with a long ping and a load test has been developed, and a two–stage test methodology has been proposed for the Zhetygen – Altynkol section. According to the results of the conducted experiments, it is proved that if the connection is lost for more than 60 seconds, the train automatically stops with an emergency braking command and, subject to the restoration of data transmission between the OBU (onboard unit) and the modem, the radio-blocking system works normally for cases with loss of communication and the board permits to move. For evaluating the influence of deploying radio communication on radio-blocking and signal strength, the Hata model within the COST231 framework was chosen. This model incorporates diverse factors contingent upon the environment, such as urban or suburban settings. The model of path loss «Loss of suburban macro-path» was chosen as a model. © 2024 Kanibek Sansyzbay et al

The purpose of this study was a comprehensive assessment of water supply of the population, territory and economic sectors in the context of water-resource regions of Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on integrated specific water supply index, taking into account the environmental flows of river basins, providing data on the current state of water resources, level of water supply and their changes under influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The research methodology is based on statistical analysis, long-term information-analytical materials on the hydrological condition of rivers, territorial organization of water consumption and the population of Turkestan region. For a comprehensive assessment of water supply of the population, territory and economy, a methodology was developed that allowed to assess the current state of water supply in the territory of river basins in the region and their changes under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. A comparative assessment of water supply in the Turkestan region in terms of water-resource areas based on the proposed methodological approach and the created research base covering the period of 2002-2020 showed that, in general, there is a high level of water shortage, which is associated with water shortage problems in the region. The obtained results of study are of fundamental environmental and economic importance when assessing water supply and can be used as an effective tool for the assessment of the influence of water factors during socio-economic forecasting of the region’s development, especially recreational activities. © 2024 Editura Universitatii din Oradea. All rights reserved.

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are essential for maximizing hydrocarbon extraction from mature reservoirs. CO2 injection (CO2-EOR) is a promising technology that improves oil recovery while contributing to greenhouse gas reduction. This study investigates the potential of miscible CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) in the MakXX oilfield of southeastern Kazakhstan. The aim is to assess oil displacement efficiency and its impact on key rock properties, including porosity, permeability, and mineral composition, under reservoir conditions. Core flooding experiments were conducted at 13 MPa and 42 °C using high-precision equipment to replicate reservoir conditions. The core was analyzed before and after CO2 injection using SEM, EDS, and XRD. The results revealed a 54% oil recovery efficiency, accompanied by a 19% decrease in permeability and 8% reduction in porosity due to mineral precipitation and clay transformation. These findings provide insight into the performance and limitations of CO2-EOR and support its application in similar lithology. To confirm and upscale laboratory observations, numerical simulation was conducted using a compositional model. The results demonstrated improved oil recovery, pressure stabilization, and enhanced sweep efficiency under CO2 injection, supporting the scalability and field applicability of the proposed EOR approach.

This research investigated the miscible gas injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in a carbonate reservoir in Kazakhstan. Five mixtures, each containing varying percentages of methane, ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, were studied to determine their Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) values through PVTi and slim tube tests. Among them, mixtures #2 (CH4 and C3H8) and #4 (pure CO2) exhibited the best performance, with mixture #2 achieving the lowest MMP value, while CO2 showed the best miscibility at lower pressures and the option of potential carbon sequestration. Most of the results were supported by slim tube experiments, compositional simulations (Eclipse), and phase behavior analysis using Gibbs triangles and ternary diagrams. The study contributed to the EOR research by incorporating multi-component gas evaluation and advanced phase visualization, thereby filling the gaps by previous works focused on single gases. The key findings emphasized the need to balance the technical efficiency, environmental sustainability, and operational viability in gas selection, providing critical insights for optimizing the EOR strategies in similar reservoirs. © by the authors.

In this study, polymer composites based on a polypropylene (PP) matrix with the addition of cellulose and ES-40, used as a silica precursor, were investigated. These composites were designed to achieve enhanced biodegradability through the incorporation of bioavailable cellulose and to enable subsequent carbonization into carbon–silicon carbide systems. Rheological investigations revealed that the multicomponent mixtures exhibited pseudoplastic behavior over the shear rate range typical of injection molding, ensuring process stability without additional plasticization. Morphological analysis demonstrated that an optimal balance of PP, cellulose, and ES-40 promoted the formation of a three-dimensional network structure, leading to a significant increase in flexural modulus at the equal flexural strength despite some reduction in tensile strength. It was further shown that substituting fibrous cellulose with microcrystalline cellulose improved the composite homogeneity, thereby enhancing the density and mechanical properties, especially in systems with low polymer contents. Preliminary pyrolysis experiments indicated that these injection-molded composites can serve as precursors for fabricating bulk thermally stable products containing silicon carbide particles. The obtained results underscore the high potential of the developed materials for applications in conventional injection molding, the possibility of additive manufacturing, and processes requiring subsequent carbonization. © 2025 by the authors.

The global water crisis, which intensifies each year, underscores the urgent need for accurate assessment and sustainable management of freshwater resources. Lakes, as significant components of surface water systems, are particularly vulnerable to human activities and climate change due to their slow renewal rates. Western Kazakhstan, a region affected by economic development and intensive mining activities, faces acute water scarcity. A reliable water supply is crucial to meeting the requirements of industrial operations and the needs of the region’s population. Understanding the dynamics of lake systems and implementing effective conservation and restoration strategies are essential to addressing this challenge. This study, employing cartographic and remote sensing techniques, identified 323 lakes in Western Kazakhstan, covering a total area of 1944 km2. Comparative analysis with historical data from the 1960s and 1970s revealed a 23% decrease in the number of lakes exceeding 1 km2. The most significant decline was observed in the Atyrau and Mangystau Regions, where the number of such lakes diminished by a factor of three. These findings highlight the pressing need for an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to water resource management in Western Kazakhstan. © 2024 by the authors.

The growing demands for sanitary regulations in medical facilities, particularly operating rooms, highlight the importance of ensuring high air quality and minimizing airborne hospital-acquired infections. Improperly designed ventilation systems may lead to contamination of up to 90–95% of patients, especially in light of evolving threats, such as COVID-19. This study focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency and performance of air conditioning and ventilation systems for cleanrooms, where air recirculation is not permissible. A novel energy-efficient direct-flow air treatment scheme is proposed, integrating a heat pump system with adjustable thermal output. A computational fluid dynamics CFD model of a clean operating room was developed to assess the impact of inlet air velocity on aerosol particle removal and airflow stabilization time. The model also considers the effect of personnel movement. The results supported optimized air distribution, reducing microbial contamination risks, with less than 10 CFU/m3, and improved thermal performance. The proposed system was evaluated for energy and cost efficiency compared to conventional setups. Findings can inform the design and operation of cleanroom ventilation in surgical environments and other high-tech applications. This research contributes to improving indoor air quality and reducing infection risks while enhancing sustainability in healthcare infrastructure.

The study is aimed at determining the social norm of the density of people on the beach and identifying the weaknesses of the organisation of beach-bathing tourism for the rational use of recreational resources and the development of sustainable tourism. Aerial photography of the coast and conducting a sociological survey of vacationers, statistical approaches and Importance-Performance Analysis were used. The total threshold density on the beaches is estimated at 14 627 vacationers (3 m2/person), acceptable density at 5 683 vacationers (8 m2/person). Safety issues in the water area, pollution of the coast and lack of awareness among tourists are recommended for priority solutions. The results will improve the quality and safety of tourists' recreation and generally lay the foundation for the rational use of recreational resources and development of sustainable tourism on Lake Alakol. © 2024 Editura Universitatii din Oradea. All rights reserved.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of mortality among women, and early detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes. However, current detection methods, including mammography and BMI-based approaches, have limitations in terms of accuracy and reliability. This research proposes an innovative breast cancer detection using the Breast Cancer Detection and Risk Assessment (BCDRA) system. BCDRA integrates the features of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transfer learning, with an optimized feature selection process designed specifically for mammographic images and patient clinical data. The system follows a multi-stage pipeline: Data preprocessing and augmentation, Automated feature extraction using CNNs, Transfer learning for enhancing model accuracy, and Risk prediction using a hybrid classification-regression algorithm. This pipeline is supported by the Breast Cancer Prediction Algorithm (BCPA), which identifies early-stage anomalies and provides real-time risk assessment based on personalized risk factors such as age, family history, and genetic markers. By integrating a real-time risk assessment module and offering higher diagnostic precision, BCDRA aims to revolutionize breast cancer screening, allowing for earlier interventions and improved patient care, ultimately contributing to better survival rates. BCDRA implemented using both Python and $\mathbf{R}$ programming environments and validated across multiple public and clinical datasets, demonstrating significant improvements in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity over traditional detection methods. © 2025 IEEE.

This paper presents a research study focused on analyzing the spatial aggregation patterns of urban population within Almaty City, Kazakhstan, using a heat map approach. With the emergence of the Smart City concept, understanding how populations aggregate within urban environments is crucial for effective urban planning and resource allocation. Leveraging geographic data collected from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and actual aggregated data obtained from the telecom operator, hourly loads on city quadrants measuring 500 by 500 meters were analyzed. The Python Folium library was employed to visualize these patterns, providing insights into the distribution of urban population density. By examining the heat map, this research sheds light on the spatial dynamics of population aggregation within Almaty City, offering valuable information for urban planners, policymakers, and researchers working towards the development of smarter and more sustainable cities. © 2024 IEEE.