Field seismic records are often incomplete due to missing data. Recovery of missing seismic data is necessary for the processing and interpretation of seismic data. As an efective solution to this problem, the paper considers reflection seismic methods for acquisition and processing based on Compressive seismic acquisition (CSA), compressive seismic reconstruction (CSR) and simultaneous source shooting (blended). The capabilities and geological problems that can be solved by each of the above methods are considered separately, as well as in the case of their complex application. The factual basis of the conducted research was made up of a wide range of scientific publications, including the experimental results of the application of these methods. The method of CSA is based on the principle of compressive sensing (CS), allows to carry out seismic survey with irregular indexing (arrangement of receiver and shot points) and is applicable to any geometry and design of survey. The fundamental concept behind CS is non-uniformly sampling the seismic data to let normally coherent aliased energy become incoherently sampled while maintaining the coherent sampling of seismic signal. The method of reconstructing seismic data from insufficiently selected or missing traces is based on the extension to POCS (Projection Onto Convex Sets) interpolation method. The main idea of this approach difers significantly from many previous interpolation methods, since it considers the reconstruction of seismic data as a task of obtaining high-resolution images in «computer vision» and directly indicates the hidden relationship between incomplete and complete seismic data, even with irregular indexing, according to a number of specific criteria and algorithms. Thus, compressive reconstruction of seismic data helps to convert incomplete input seismic data into complete ones. With the simultaneous source shooting method several sources of seismic energy located at various shot points get triggered one after another within few seconds allowing to save enormous time resources by eliminating the wait time between source recordings. All three methods described in this paper standout due to their focus on optimizing the production of field seismic surveys and improving image quality even with a smaller number of receiver stations for elastic vibrations and overlaying signal from various source points. Given the significant advantages of these methods, they can be considered as next generation reflection seismic technologies for operational efectiveness and high-resolution seismic recording. © 2022, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

Purpose. Environmental safety evaluation and geodynamic monitoring of the Karachaganak oil and gas condensate field (KOGCF) explored on the north board of the Pre-Caspian depression in order to predict the consequences of long-term operation of this field. Methodology. Synthesis and system analysis of the articles and archival literature on environmental hazards and geodynamic monitoring of the complex methods, repeated levelling process, GPS-measurements, high-precision gravimetry and seismological monitoring. Findings. At a qualitative and quantitative level, the activation of vertical and horizontal movements of rock masses, changes in the field of local gravity anomalies, more frequent earthquakes whose hypocentres are located at depths comparable to the intervals of field development are substantiated. Trends and tendencies in the study on the relationship between the continuously changing geodynamic state of the subsoil and field-geological processes are outlined. All these manifestations in one way or another find manifestations in the environmental risks of the area of the exploited deposit. In the conclusions, it is recommended to carry out a set of measures to reduce environmental risks. Originality. The results of geodynamic monitoring at the KOGCF for the northern board of the Pre-Caspian depression for the first time made it possible to obtain convincing evidence in favour of noticeable seismic-deformation processes in the upper part of the earth’s crust under the influence of hydrocarbon production processes. Practical value. The conclusions obtained in the work confirm the necessity and binding of geodynamic monitoring in order to study and assess the possibility of different scenarios of geodynamic situations related to the development of hydrocarbon fields, are recommended for levelling factors of potential geodynamic risk at the KOGCF. © Abetov A., Kudaibergenova S., 2022

Purpose. Study on the deep structure of the South Turgay petroleum region to assess the influence of magnetic causative masses on the processes of generation, migration, accumulation and conservation of hydrocarbon (HC) accumulations, taking into account the evolution of rift development modes of the same sedimentary basin. Methodology. The combination of regional magnetometry data is applied with deep drilling data using a priori data on historical-geological, structural-formation, reservoir qualities and other factors. With the complex spatial anisotropy of the geomagnetic field and the distribution of magnetization of rocks in the Earth’s crust, the physical prerequisites of magnetic survey data provide quite correct geological interpretation of the results obtained. Findings. Classification and zoning of geomagnetic field anomalies by their morphology, intensity values, gradient and size was conducted, which made it possible to perform identification and geological forecast of magnetically causative bodies and determine their qualitative (structural) features.Various degrees of magnetization of different-age rocks of the South Torgay Petroleum region, as well as their relative location, structure, and depths of occurrence were established. It was revealed that the sedimentary cover and the upper part of the basement here are composed of low-magnetic and non-magnetic formations, and the upper edges of the magnetically disturbing masses lie at different depths in the consolidated crust, but, in general, deeper than the intervals of the section penetrated by deep drilling. Originality. The genetic, historical, geological, and tectonic-magmatic features of the South Torgay basin differ sharply from those of the adjacent Lower Syrdariya arch and Shu-Sarysu Depression. At the present stage of evolution, South Torgay sedimentary basin has a significant endogenous warming of the lithosphere in contrast to the adjacent Lower Syrdariya arch and Shu-Sarysu depression. To some extent, it indicates the inheritance in the regime of development of the South Turgay sedimentary basin from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic stages of rifting. Practical value. The depth of occurrence of magnetically causative objects significantly expand the stratigraphic interval of sediments that can be involved in the exploration process. The inherited mode of rift evolution of the basin suggests a favorable combination for the formation of a wide range of hydrocarbon traps, oil and gas source rocks, migration pathways, accumulation and preservation of HC accumulations. © Abetov A.E., Mukanov D.B., 2023.

In the composition of the composite material, stainless steel powders are 75%, LDPE is 25%. Using composite material, the product was developed in the FDM method, and methods for removing binder polymers from the product were analyzed. Methods of cooking stainless steel powders with polymer annealing, and studies of the structural quality of the product were carried out. Stainless steel powders at 1387 ℃, the outer layers of the powders came together and the process of crystallization began. Removal of binders decreased by 90% as a percentage. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.

This article analyzes the history of the geological structure and the geological development of the Upper Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits of the South Torgay sedimentary basin, and determines their geodynamic stages of development based on the study of lithological and stratigraphic complexes of the sedimentary basin itself, as well as adjacent folded structures. Vendian - Early Paleozoic and Jurassic stages of rifting processes in the development are identified and described. The fundamental difference between these stages of rifting is that in the Vendian-Early Ordovician manifested themselves accordiFsing to the classical scheme with intense subsidence and extension at the early stages of development (the formation of molassoids, tillites in the Vendian, then siliceous-carbonaceous-terrigenous and siliceous-carbonate rocks) and compression, tectonic inversion, active dislocations and widespread magmatism in the final stages. At the Jurassic stage of rifting, intensive tectonic dislocations occurred in the South Torgai paleobasin, which resulted in active movements of differently oriented Paleozoic and Pre-Paleozoic faults, the split of the ancient Proterozoic-Lower Paleozoic basement, which initiated formation of grabens. However, the genesis of the graben system was completed without the introduction of magmatic bodies and intensive tectonic deformations. Thus, the South Torgay paleobasin can be considered as a zone of inherited rifting, a tectonic structure that twice survived the stages of rift development, in the Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic and in the Jurassic The article also presents lithological and paleogeographic maps of various geological eras based on geological and geophysical data, which confirm that the formation of the sedimentary basin and lithological and stratigraphic complexes of the South Turgay were significantly influenced by rifting processes. © 2023, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.

Purpose. Identification of the nature of the manifestation of tectonic elements of different ages in Central Kazakhstan in gravitational fields based on the results of the calculation of regional, intracrustal and local transformants. Methodology. Synthesis and analysis of the data on integrated interpretation and modeling of gravitational, geomagnetic, geothermal fields, the latest movements of the Earth's crust and parameters of the seismic regime, tectonics and stratigraphy of rocks. Findings. Regional, intracrustal and local heterogeneities in the lithosphere manifest themselves differently in blocks of Precambrian rocks, Early and Late Caledonides, Early and Late Hercynides. They may be associated with the processes of Paleozoic intracontinental rifting, with the rise of mantle matter and its emplacement into the Earth's crust, followed by the manifestation of Late Paleozoic orogenesis, doubling of the thickness of the Earth's crust, outpourings of magmatic formations. Originality. It is established that large gravitational minima are distinguished in areas with Hercynian folding, characterized by abnormally high amplitudes in the movement of the Earth's crust. In the regions of the Caledonian folding, the values of gravity field anomalies of intermediate intensity and increased amplitudes of the latest movements of the Earth's crust are manifested. Areas with PrePaleozoic folding have relative maxima of gravitational anomalies and minimum values of the latest movements of the Earth's crust. Earthquake sources are concentrated in the consolidated crust at the junction of areas with different ages of basement consolidation, in gradient zones of geothermal, geomagnetic and gravitational anomalies. According to the variations of the intracrustal transformant, it was found that a wide range of changes in the values of the gravitational field corresponds to areas with minimal temperature values, whereas in areas with increased temperature values, the range of changes in the values of gravity anomalies is reduced. The distribution of the local transformant of the gravitational field indicates the existence of highly variable anomalies, which reflects the highfrequency gravitational effect of nearsurface objects of the Earth's crust. Practical value. The distribution of inhomogeneities in the lithosphere with various density, geomagnetic and geothermal anomalies of geophysical fields, the nature of the seismic regime and the latest movements of the Earth's crust predetermined the formation of geostructures with different types of mineralization, each of which is recommended to be searched and explored by a specific rational set of geophysical methods. © Abetov A.E., Uzbekov A.N., 2023.

The geodynamic hazards and risk assessment at the Karachaganak oil, gas, and condensate field (KOGCF) were explored on the northern board of the Pre-Caspian Basin to predict the consequences of the long-term exploitation of this field. We integrate multiple measurements, including repeated accurate leveling, Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements, and high precision gravimetric and seismological monitoring at the KOGCF. The results of geodynamic monitoring at the KOGCF for the first time made it possible to prove noticeable seismic deformation processes in the sedimentary cover under the influence of hydrocarbon production. The vertical displacements and horizontal movement along faults, changes in local gravity anomalies, and earthquake sources at depths comparable to hydrocarbon production intervals at the KOGCF have been identified. The maximum amplitudes of modern vertical movement of the earth's surface and the minimum values of the differently oriented horizontal movement were revealed within the projection on the ground surface of the crest of the carbonate massif (Upper Devonian-Lower Permian age). The results suggest the expansion of uneven compression in the crest of the KOGCF while tension processes occur on its periphery. There is a decrease in gravity variations in relation to the slopes of this massif in areas with active hydrocarbon production. An extended zone of high-gradient steps of ΔGa anomalies, spatially coinciding with the position of fault zones, is mapped along the periphery of the contour of production wells. In the northeastern part of the KOGCF, seismic events were registered practically in the depth intervals of the productive horizons from which hydrocarbons are produced. A spatial relationship between the seismic events and the anomalous deformation activity in the northeast KOGCF has been revealed. Consequently, the field development has provoked both intense deformation of the earth's surface and weak local seismicity. © 2022 Editorial office of Geodesy and Geodynamics

This section examines the theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the quality of passenger transportation by road under time constraints. The standards for customer time expenditure on passenger transportation by road under time constraints in urban conditions are substantiated by quality levels (high; medium; low) and groups of cities (Group I - cities with a population of over 1 million people; Group II - cities with a population of 500 thousand to 1 million people; Group III - cities with a population of 250 thousand to 500 thousand people; Group IV - cities with a population of less than 250 thousand people). Attention is paid to the methodological aspects of assessing the quality of domestic regional passenger transportation by road under time constraints. The methodological and applied aspects of managing the quality of passenger transportation by road under time constraints are highlighted. Alternatives for improving the quality of passenger transportation by road transport in conditions of time shortage are identified: optimization of the density of the road network and bus intervals on routes; optimization of the length of the stages and the speed of connections on bus routes. Examples of solving the problem of choosing the optimal directions for increasing the density of the road network and reducing the intervals of bus movements on routes are considered. Variations of solving the problem of optimizing the length of the stages and the speed of connections on bus routes are considered, provided that a high-speed mode and an express mode of bus movement are introduced alongside the usual modes of movement of passenger road transport rolling stock. The key stages of the methodology for surveying the route bus network and implementing methods for managing the quality of passenger transportation by road transport in conditions of time shortage are characterized. Attention is paid to planning (including standardization) of indicators and sub-indicators of the quality rate of passenger transportation by road transport, in particular the rate of bus fleet utilization and bus operating speed. © Author(s) 2025. All rights reserved.

The increased number of earth dam failures raises the question of the relevance of early determination of the internal condition and causes of erosion of the dam body. The paper deals with the results of using the self-potential method in order to assess the physical condition of the earthen dam of the K-25 reservoir in Kazakhstan. The specificity of this study is that several cycles of measurements were made at different water levels in the reservoir. Based on the results of field data processing, the isoline maps were drawn and their interpretation was carried out. The general regularity in the distribution of self-potential values is their increase to the downstream of dam, which is associated with intensive water seepage, especially in its flanks and central part. The formation of anomalous zones may be due to the complex influence of the inhomogeneity of the dam body and the possible water leakage from the operational pipeline and emergency spillways. Based on the calculated self-potential dispersion, it was established: a) the intensity of seepage and the size of water-saturated zones depend on the hydrodynamic regime of reservoir; b) the change in the intensity of the potential difference and the anomaly sizes depend on the water level in the reservoir. The study results have shown the effectiveness of the self-potential method for determining the erosion zones in the dam body associated with water flows. The method can be used in the geotechnical monitoring in order to ensure the safe operation of earth dams. © 2024 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l.-All rights reserved.

Stratigraphy, lithology, and structure of explored copper deposits and ore occurrences in the Zhezkazgan ore areas have been studied. The zonation of copper mineral distribution is confirmed in this region, where the endogenic nature of the ore is confirmed by specific elements, high temperatures of ore-forming solutions, and the absence of post-ore metamorphism. The uniqueness of the Zhezkazgan copper deposit is evident in the enormous vertical thickness of ore mineralization over a relatively small area and at shallow depths, with a tabular form associated with magmatic rocks of basic and ultrabasic compositions. The significant involvement of tectonic displacements, effusive, and intrusive magmatism in the formation of ore-bearing horizons, various structural elements, faults, and fracture systems, which served as conduits and localizers for ore mineralization, has been substantiated. There is observable correlation of isolines of positive residual gravity anomalies with the structural plan within the Zhezkazgan copper deposit and beyond. Zoning of the deposit has been performed based on the intensity of gravity anomalies ∆gₐ, depth of occurrence, and stratigraphic range of ore-hosting horizons. A forecast has been made regarding the possibility of identifying new ore deposits. The following characteristic combination of criteria defining copper mineralization in the Zhezkazgan ore field has been identified: a system of high-gradient and intensive maxima of geomagnetic field anomalies, concentration of rare earthquake epicenters at depths up to 20 km, and moderate amplitude of recent crustal movements. Linearly elongated relative maxima and minima of the region-al gravity field transform, excess density masses along the intracrustal transform, extremely high values of heat flow density, temperatures at depths of 10 km and 30 km, and protrusions on the Moho and granulite-basaltic layer surfaces correlated with basic and ultrabasic rocks within the consolidated crust. Morphology and orientation of geophysical field anomalies align with the orientation and manifestation of disjunctive tectonics, where deep heat mass transfer processes are allowed along the planes of deep faults. © 2024, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All rights reserved.